Overdenture: An alternative treatment for oral rehabilitation in patients with early childhood caries

Oral rehabilitation in child is an odontopediatric challenge once the restorative treatament needs to be done in quick procedures and few visits for maintain cooperative child behaviour. With these objectives in mind, the present report describes an oral rehabilitation using fi xed prosthesis (overdenture) in a 3-year-old boy who had early childhood caries and whose dental roots had been endodontically treated. The use of this device is a good aesthetic and functional solution for early teeth lost. Thus, this treatment approach allowed a harmonic dental maintenance in relation to other structures of the stomatognathic system, thus supporting the maxillary development and guiding the eruption of the permanent teeth, in addition to increasing patient and family satisfaction. Case Report Overdenture: An alternative treatment for oral rehabilitation in patients with early childhood caries Márcia Alves Pereira dos Santos1, Liz Helena Moraes Pinheiro2, Rafael de Lima Pedro3*, Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes4 and Laura Guimarães Primo5 1DDS, MSD, Colaborate Professor Post-Graduate Program Professional Master of Dental Clinic Faculty of Dentistry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Reference for Sickle Cell Disease in the dental Clinic service at Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2DDS, MSD, PhD student in Postgraduate student of Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry from the Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Brazil 3DDS, MSD, PhD, Dentist of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4DDS,MSD,PhD, Adjunt Professor of Postgraduate student of Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry from the Fluminense Federal University (UFF) and Postgraduate Program in Dentistry of Health Institute of Nova Friburgo (PPGO-ISNF) from the Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Brazil 5DDS, MSD, PhD, Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Received: 18 February, 2021 Accepted: 27 February, 2021 Published: 01 March, 2021 *Corresponding author: Rafael de Lima Pedro, DDS, MSD, PhD, Dentist of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tel: +55021970260660; E-mail:


Introduction
Maintenance of deciduous teeth provides harmonious relationship with other structures of the stomatognathic system, which are important to improve functions such as mastication, deglutition, and phonation [1]. In an addition, it serves to stimulate maxillary development, keeps the antagonists at the occlusal plane, and functions as an eruption guide for the succeeding permanent teeth [1,2]. early childhood caries [3,4]. In this sense, the early loss of these teeth can result in aesthetic and functional problems, delay the eruption of permanent teeth, and promote harmful habits such as lingual interposition and atypical phonation and deglutition [2,4,5]. Therefore, the severity of the dental decay, which in most cases may result in extraction, cause dissatisfaction among the parents and may lead to psychosocial problems in their children [2,[6][7][8].
Furthermore, the tooth is the best way of preserving space [1][2][3][4]. Cases of extensive decay is a challenge for odontopediatrics, particularly when functional, emotional and aesthetic aspects regarding the anterior teeth are involved [5].
The necessity to reestablish the integrity of deciduous teeth until its physiological exfoliation is the one objective of pediatric dentistry and can be performed by several techniques, among them we can cite restorations using composites resin directly or indirectly [9], celluloid crowns [5] and biological restoration with natural tooth [10][11][12][13]. In cases of extensive coronal damage requiring endodontic treatment, intracanal reinforcements (e.g. stainless steel prefabricated posts, composite posts, glass staple fi bres posts and biological posts) previously prepared for both supporting forces and providing material retention can be used [9,14,15]. Such options need the child's co-operation and long sessions for oral rehabilitation, which must be performed under local anaesthesia and rubber dam placement that could lead to long appointment sessions.
In odontopediatric the appointment duration is very important for maintaing cooperative child behaviour, since time is a crucial factor for performing a successful treatment and promoting the development of a cooperador patient. Therefore, this study aims to present a technique of oral reabilitation for anterior teeth acommeted by early childhood caries by using a fi xed appliance (overdenture for children).

Case report
A Black-African Brazilian boy, 3 years old was attended at the pediatric dentistry clinic of a public graduate institution presenting caries on the upper incisors teeth, which was the main complaint.
During anamnese it was found no changes regarding family or individual history during anamnesis. The mother reported that the child was breast-fed and the oral hygiene was carried out 3 times per day (including one before sleeping). But spite of that there was gingival bleeding during tooth-brushing. On the extra-oral examination, it was observed that the patient had a face characterised by buccal respirator and mandibular projection.
The tissues presented no changes during the intraoral examination, except the lingual interposition and ankyloglossia, which was accounted for the atypical phonation and deglutition.
By considering the occlusal pattern, it was observed a complete deciduous dentition with type I arch, mesial molar relationship at both sides, vestibularization of lower incisors, and presence of open-bite.
The patient had presence of biofi lm, high caries activity, extensive coronal destruction involving the 4 upper incisors, and pulpar involvement, which was confi rmed by radiographic examination (Figure 1).
At fi rst, the patient's oral condition was improved the adequacy and orienting the parents, that is, breast-feeding should be stopped and hygiene instructions had been recommended. The initial treatment interventions were useful for managing the patient's behaviour as he did not co-operate and was somewhat resistant.
Endodontic therapy was the intervention of choice for teeth 51, 52, 61, and 62. It was performed during two sessions, that is, two teeth by session (Figure 2A keeping the child's oral hygiene by using unituff tooth-brush and mouth-rising solutions. From that moment, the patient could be referred to a speech therapist for correcting his tongue posture and the need for frenectomy was confi rmed and performed subsequently. The patient returned for follow-up every 3 months in order to have the appliance removed and cleaned as well as to observe the periodontal and the remaining roots. After 1 year of followup it was found that the prosthesis maintained functionally the space left by the absent crowns ( Figure 5A,5B).

Discussion
Authors like Clinchand Healey [16] and McDonald [17] state that those cases involving early loss of anterior deciduous teeth not always need the placement of space maintainers, since each case should be carefully evaluated. However, Moyers [15] believes that the loss of anterior deciduous teeth before the age of 4 years can result in space loss. According to Baume [16], the use of fi xed appliances is correctly indicated for children older than 3 years because no changes in the sagittal and transversal dimensions of the dental arches occur, except when they are subject to inadequate environmental infl uence. Therefore, based on the age of the patient at the beginning of the treatment [18,19] and aimed to preserve those dental roots, wicth were suitable for endodontic treatment, in order to stimulate maxillary growth and development, the prosthetic appliance was radiographically indicated. Such a condition was kept following treatment and the teeth were found to be satisfactorily fi lled [20] with no clinical and radiographic changes [21].
In addition to these factors, the treatment indication for the present report was based on the impossibility of restoring the teeth conventionally because of the lack of dental support.
Also, as the patient was a young child the treatment had to be of shorter duration and more basic due to the child's uncooperative behaviour. Therefore, this was the treatment approach of choice, since the overdenture principle [22] postulates the making of complete or partial removable appliance to be placed upon the remaining roots or retained teeth in order to improve the prosthesis support or delay the bone resorption. Finally, the use of overdenture also guides the permanent teeth during eruption [22].
Although the removable appliance has disadvantages if used in uncooperative children [6,23], such a technique can employ a fi xed space maintainer. Among the treatment options available for partial loss of anterior deciduous teeth, this approach has important advantages such as greater retention, lesser tissue damage, less dependence on the patient's co-operation, and greater adequacy for longer periods of maintenance [23].
Another indication of the overdenture technique would involve non-erupted teeth in children carrying ectodermic dysplasias [24], cases of traumatised central incisors if the roots are to be preserved [25], cases of imperfect dentinogenesis [26], cases of partial anodontia [27] and cases of cleft palate children [28].
Proservation and maintenance should be performed through regular visits in which the same selection criteria (e.g. tooth condition, periodontum, oral hygiene, and patient's motivation) are taken into account, besides the prosthesis' condition [29,30]. According to Ettinger and Qian [31], relapse of periodontal disease and caries are, respectively, the most common causes of treatment failure and loss of permanent teeth under overdentures. Thus, three-monthly visits were established in order to reduce such conditions in the present case study.
Nevertheless, the family participation is crucial for a successful treatment regardless of the type of maintainer appliance used. In the present study the child's parents took part in each phase of the treatment by keeping the prosthesis cleaned and promoting a satisfactory oral condition [32].
According to Rieckman and Elbadraury [33], the use of functional and aesthetic maintainers to substitute the absent incisors is supported in those cases of atypical phonetic development, particularly when the child looses the incisors.
Therefore, in the present study an apparatus was made in order to maintain the teeth relationship by serving as a lingual support and guide the eruption of the succeeding permanent teeth. In this way, phonetic and psychological problems could  also be prevented from occurring [33], which was important for the speech therapy that patient had been submitting to.
A point to highlight is the possibility of devices like this one to increase bacterial plaque retention and consequently increase the possibility of risks of carious injuries [34].
However, when patients and family members are well oriented in terms of intensifi cation of oral hygiene, and regular dentist consultations are held, the benefi ts outweigh the possible risks of using the device, since rehabilitation, both aesthetic and functional, is closely linked to an improvement in the patient's quality of life [35]. In our case, the patient underwent a previous hygiene adjustment and both he and the family were motivated to use the device, and we realized that this rehabilitation reinforced the concern with oral care.

Conclusion
The interaction between prosthetic knowledge, space maintenance and basis for functional rehabilitation provided the development of an appliance functionally and aesthetically suitable for the patient's psychosocial growth. In addition, this treatment approach allowed a harmonic dental maintenance in relation to other structures of the stomatognathic system, thus supporting the maxillary development and guiding the eruption of the permanent teeth.