Municipal solid waste management in the City of Indore- A case study

Due to the rapid increase in population, Municipal solid waste management has become an important activity in urban localities. It is one of the obligatory responsibility of Municipal Corporation and urban local bodies to minimize solid waste and process it effi ciently. The high generation rate of municipal solid waste and the complexity of waste generation are major challenges of Municipal Corporation Indore is considered as the business capital of Madhya Pradesh state. The present population in Indore is more than 19 lacks. Apart from infrastructural development, equal importance should be given to Municipal solid waste. A well-planned system needs to be followed to maintain municipal solid waste. The present study aims to analyze the present situation of waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal of the Indore city. The study also discusses various governmental policies introduced to manage waste effectively. This study will provide its readers with a fair idea of the existing scenario of Municipal waste management system of the Indore city. Case Study Municipal solid waste management in the City of IndoreA case study Rasmeet Singh* Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India Received: 13 March, 2021 Accepted: 22 March, 2021 Published: 23 March, 2021 *Corresponding author: Rasmeet Singh, Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India, Tel: 9988900108; E-mail:


Introduction and Context
It is a categorical belief that the clean environment is the fundamental right of every citizen under Article 21 and the local as well as state authorities must ensure that public health is well-maintained by all possible means. Following the same, a 2019 order by National Green Tribunal (NGT) was noted to overcome the fi nancial inability.
Cities having population more than 100,000 produce 67,000 tons per day or 44% of total waste generated in the country, as per reported by July 18, 2019 answer in the Lok Sabha. The NGT asked the central and state government to form the guidelines to implement Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. To speed-up the process, NGT announced that any state or union territory which does not comply with these statutory obligations shall be liable to be proceeded against as per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Also, the state would be asked to pay a fi ne, and the senior offi cer of the state or local body could also be personally liable [1].
"The stark reality is that no one wants to pay for this. No one believes they are responsible for the garbage they produce even though India has always followed the principle that the polluter pays," said Shah of Swaha, the company making mobile composting vans.
But "the success of Indore shows that this is doable" It's a lighthouse project for MP, and for other similar cities across the country." In 10 years, Indore will create 2,000 metric tons of waste Numerous urban areas don't get that sort of cash for strong waste administration and sanitation. However, Indore likewise has a 'robust collection of user fees, high punishment charges, and makes revenue from the sale of fertilizer and dry waste', which makes it a success win circumstance.
The program gathered ₹27 crore in user expenses, while the remainder of the funding was subsidized by property taxes.
Household units pay between ₹60 and 150 a month dependent on the waste they produce, and business offi ces pay ₹3 for every kg of waste.
Indore intends to decentralize waste processing, for example, in the road food and vegetable market. This would help diminish user fees, and the end client could profi t by the fi nal result of waste handling, and help the IMC lessen transportation and preparing costs. The IMC plans to lessen costs by 10% consistently, through such activities. Decentralized waste processing is followed in different urban communities, for example, Mysuru, Karnataka, and Panaji, Goa. Indore today produces more than 1,115 MT of trash a day and every last bit of it is gathered from the source whether it is a family unit or business foundation. The door-to-door collection was begun in January 2016 as a pilot extends in two of the 84 wards in the city. It took close to 12 months to accomplish a 100% way to door-to-door trash assortment.

Swatch bharat mission (clean India mission): The story of indore
Indore through its excellent community-oriented endeavors has accomplished segregation of waste at source at 100% of its family units and business units.
Residents of Indore assumed a critical job in making the city slick and clean. The tidiness situation of Indore was changed by improved lifestyles or its residents. Within a year, the Municipal Corporation effectively sharpened residents for segregation at spots and not dumping trash in open territories.
The Swachhata story of Indore is really changed through network investment.
Primary collection: Household waste was gathered in certain areas by municipality laborers and in others through the private arrangements by lodging settlements.
Private waste gatherers were designated "Jagirdars". They had poor service quality levels and frequently dumped the trash in open government land/void plots prompting risks for residents.
Generally, the waste gathered was placed in dustbins along central avenues. The city had 1380 dustbins with some of them fi t as a fi ddle. These dustbins would regularly fl ood making an ugly look around the city. Stray animals (dairy animals, pigs, and dogs) would benefi t from this trash. A portion of these animals (cows and pigs) were taken care of by the Jagirdars who could get extra pay by milking the cows or selling them for meat. They had a personal stake in not keeping the localities clean so the animals could benefi t from them and lessen their support cost on these animals. foundations (some portion of 88 told business territories). In Indore, waste is produced from different sources including family units, business zones, and different establishments like RWAs, hospitals, commercial areas. The families or private edifi ces are secured by the door to door collection framework while the semi mass and mass generators are secured by the bulk assortment framework. Indore guarantees the 100% coverage of wards through its door to door framework [1].
Implementation of D2D collection system: In order to execute an effective way for the door to door collection system, a recognized study investigation must be completed to assist with making the amount of waste produced at each ward and the number of inhabitants in each ward. On that premise, a detailed course plan was set up to cover all wards. According to the course plan, a defi nite vehicle and staff organization plan was executed so as to meet the collection demands of each ward.
The door to door collection system is done using partitioned vehicles. There are three separate assortment bins for wet, dry, and residential hazardous waste in every tipper. These tippers carry the waste from households to the exchange station, from where the waste is moved to the digging ground in hook loaders. All vehicles utilized in the assortment and transportation framework are observed by a GPS empowered system. The GPS system is continually observed by the monitoring cell. Any offroute deviations by specifi c drivers are punished and multiple deviations are also grounds for termination.
The wet waste from the houses is gathered through the Door to Door Collection System. The door to door assortment framework has been conveyed by IMC to gather the waste from household generators and business regions in Indore. The waste is gathered through partitioned vehicles known as 'Tippers' and shipped to the Garbage Transfer Stations for auxiliary assortment.
Wet waste from semi bulk generators producing 25 to 100 kg of waste is gathered through the Bulk Collection System. The bulk collection vehicles comprise of a dumper ( Figure 1) which is utilized to gather wet waste and a compactor which is utilized to gather dry waste. These vehicles move in pairs according to a predefi ned arrangement plan. These vehicles on fi nishing their route, transport the waste directly to the centralized preparing plant.
The bulk generators producing in excess of 50 kg of waste goes under the class of bulk trash generators. According to the GoI rules, it is compulsory for these generators to have onsite processing of their wet waste. Thus the wet waste isn't gathered from these generators.

Domestic hazardous waste
The Domestic Hazardous Waste consists of material as sanitary pads, lead acid batteries, etc. This waste is collected in a separate bin which is attached at the back of the waste collection vehicle. Waste composition in Indore is classifi ed in Table 1 and Figure 2.
It is explained as: • The dry waste, similar to wet waste, is gathered through the door to door and mass assortment frameworks. The dry waste by residents is gathered through tippers and dry waste produced by all bulk generators is gathered The Domestic Hazardous Waste is sent directly from the GTS to the Central DHW Treatment Facility to be incinerated. This is overseen by an outside contracted organization.
The facility is utilized for the treatment of biomedical and household dangerous waste. At this offi ce, the waste is incinerated. In dry waste handling, Inert is recuperated at both the MRFs. The inert is then moved to the sanitary landfi ll at the same location. Prior to the moving, the inert is weighed at the weighbridge and signed in the system. The remaining parts of DHW, which are left after the waste is burned, are likewise sent to be landfi lled. This is a different landfi ll system built solely for hazardous waste and is referred to as a hazardous landfi ll.
Step-wise procedure of waste management from generating spots to processing units

Type Sources
Organic Food scraps, yard (leaves, grass, and brush) waste, wood, process residues.

Paper
Paper scraps, cardboard, newspaper, magazine, bags, boxes, wrapping paper, telephone books, shredded paper, paper beverage cup. Strictly speaking papering Organic but unless it is contained by food residue, paper is not classifi ed as organic.

Glass
Bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs, colored glass.
Other Textiles, leather, rubber, multi-laminates, e-waste, appliances, ash, other inert materials All of the waste collected is shipped by the Tri-partitioned trash tippers sent in all 85 wards to the assigned GTS. Before this, the waste was being moved to the centralized plant which is roughly 20-23 km from the city. To strengthen and diminish the expense of the Secondary Collection and Transportation System, IMC has built eight ultra-modern transfer stations with three basic models, for example, Ramp based static GTS, portable Compactors based GTS and semi-portable Compactors based GTS installed by Hyva and TPS at different locations mentioned below within the city:- The waste from the bulk generators is gathered through the bulk framework wherein two vehicles are conveyed to gather wet waste and dry waste independently. The bulk generators are additionally separated into two classes according to the amount of waste produced. The fi rst category comprises of generators that generate 25 to 100 kg of waste. These are little bulk-mass foundations like small eateries, coffee shops, and so on. From these generators, both wet and dry waste is gathered in a segregated way by dumpers and compactors that move in pairs to gather waste along their route. In the subsequent class, the generators producing more than 100kg waste have been put. These generators are RWAs, community gardens, hotels, etc. Only dry waste is gathered from these generators as they treat the wet waste created by them on on-site.

Weighbridge:
The processing plant for the weighbridge facility is an automated facility and the principal point of meeting up for all vehicles approaching the plant to offl oad their waste. All the approaching vehicles are squandered after entering the plant and after they have offl oaded the waste to determine the waste that has been brought by them. At that point, a receipt is produced and recorded at the offi ce. This receipt delineates the amount of waste moved, type of waste, enlistment number of the vehicle, source transfer station, and the in-out time of the vehicle.
Waste processing: The dry waste from both the exchange stations and the bulk collection vehicles is offl oaded at the MRF spots, where they are additionally segregated and prepared. The wet waste from the exchange stations and the bulk collection framework is offl oaded for handling at the central composting plant. The wet waste of the bulk generators is processed on site by the individual generators.
The residential hazardous waste is treated in a different facility where it is moved directly from the exchange station in biomedical vans. The hazardous waste is burned at the Central Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility [5].
Road cleaning: Consistently, 800 km of streets are cleared by machines, footpaths, and road dividers are washed by a water mist. This uses 400 liters of water each night, majority water is the reused water from the three sewage treatment plants set up by the IMC. Inside streets that make up the remainder of the 2,200 km are swept, and the waste is gathered in gunny sacks, gathered by vans and taken to the waste processing plant.
In the initial a half year of street cleaning, about 20,000 and 30,000 metric tons of residue was cleared.

Garbage Transfer Station (GTS)
Indore is one of the economically evolved urban areas of Madhya Pradesh and is the budgetary capital of the state. Indore is the ninth biggest city in India with a population of around 25 lakhs. The city is divided into 85 Wards and 19 Zones as the operational zone for Solid Waste Management (SWM). In Indore, waste is gathered in an isolated way for example the waste is isolated at source by the generators. The absolute waste generation in Indore is 1115 MTPD. Out of all waste, 58.25% is wet or natural waste, 41.75% is dry waste and 0.5% Few attempted activities to make Indore ODF were: • Devising strategy and action plan for identifi ed 72 critical OD spots.
• Shifting of 5000 slum households to non-occupied Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) fl ats within a year.
• Strict action and monitoring by offi cials of the IMC against defaulters and spot fi ne issued to over 500 defaulters.
• Dedicated ODF triggering and monitoring activities by 6 NGOs and 400 offi cials of the IMC. Classifi cation of waste : Table 2.   The gas created is utilized to run city transports, and sold as a cooking fuel to hotels and the Indian Institute of Management, at a fi nanced rate. Squander from the fl ower industry is kept independently (1-2 tons every day), and blended in with slurry to produce compost. One of the plant is shown in Figure 6. The process is carried out in an incinerator. the installation and maintenance costs are higher, also the waste mainly consists of high inert content (30-50%), high organic matter (40-60%), high moisture content, low heat content (~1000 kcal/kg), and thus proves to be a bad option of waste management.

Techniques used by indore in MSW
Composting: This includes breaking down of an organic material and process materials into fertilizers and soil amendments. Compost is rich in nutrients and is used in soil rehabilitations.
Landfi ll: One among the oldest method, this is done on a dump where waste is poured uniformly and is covered with layer of soil.
Recycling: This process converts wastes into new products.
The materials generally includes glass, paper, electronics, textiles, plastic, metal, etc. It is considered as the key element of modern waste reduction.

Landfi lls
The main objective of landfi lls (Figure 7) is to dispose of solid waste in order that it has minimum impact on the environment as well as the minimum cost of operation. The site has to be well managed to place the maximum amount of waste. The four stages of operation include:   Operations: Continuous compaction is followed to best use void space in the site. Compaction and daily covering of waste prevents foul smells, controls insects and rats. Gas emitted from the decomposing waste is collected and is either burnt on-site or used as fuel.
Post-closure management: After the site is closed to further incoming waste, it must be restored to a natural appearance. However, regular monitoring is required of gas emission and leachate.

Upgradation of trenching ground:
I. Two engineered landfi ll of 6.25 acre each has been constructed and are used as and when required. VIII. Cement concrete road with drains and electrifi cation with lighting has been done for better working of waste vehicles.
IX. Green belt has been developed inside and outside the disposal site.
X. Boundary wall has been constructed around the waste disposal site [5]. The paper is fi rst sorted according to their color. The next step involves the grinding, this is done mechanically or sometimes chemically. Mechanical re-pulping yields paper of lower quality as compared to chemical re-pulping. After agitation, the paper is then mixed with water to produce slurry. This slurry is thickened and then pressed. It is then dried and is ready to cut out the sheets. However, whitening or bleaching is optional to perform. Recycling doesn't provide 100% strength to the paper probably due to loss of strength.

Recycling
Glass: In waste system, glass is generally the end product from beverage and food containers. Three types of glasses are: • Soda-lime glass: drinking glasses, bottles, jars, etc.
• Crystal glass: art, high quality drinking glasses, vases.
Glass is broken down to form cullet and is melted for the production of new bottles. Cullet is has a property of melting at lower temperature.

Conversion of waste into useful products
Compost/fertilizers: Compost is produced by the action of microorganisms and oxygen on the raw organic material. The raw organic may be of wide variety, such as food waste, manure, agriculture waste, yard waste, etc. the raw material is processed through sorting to make a pile of small particles. The pile is either made naturally through the attack of earthworms, soil insects, and nematodes or through controlled operations like grinding, shredding and chopping. Once the pile is generated, the soil bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and actinomycetes act to process the decomposition step. Decomposition of pile follows following two phases: Active phase and curing phase.
In active phase, temperature increases rapidly due to the metabolism of microorganisms. In 24 and 72 hours, temperature can rise up to 55 to 70 °C. This temperature increases hygiene of the material by killing pathogens, it also contributes to eliminate weed seeds, and it breaks down phytotoxic compounds.
In curing phase, the decomposition of organic materials continues into stable humid substances. There is no clearly defi ned time for curing, it can take as long as one month to one year, depending on feedstocks, composting method used and management.
Refuse-derived fuel: The foremost step in the RDF production is sorting non-combustible wastes like glass and metal from combustibles. The pieces must be small. Next comes the assembling of unsegregated waste including cloth, plastic, organic waste, etc. To provide necessary calorifi c value required for burning. Further, series of steps are followed as mentioned below: • Manual Separation • Air separation: low density material are blown upwards.
• Size reduction • Trommel screening: also known as rotary screening.
• Drying: it is carried to reduce the moisture content of MSW.
• Metal Separation:  Ferrous metal separation using magnetic separation  Non-Ferrous separation using Eddy current separation • Producing fi nal product: the residual waste is fi nally mixed with binders like agricultural husk and passed through a pelletizing machine that converts the waste into pallets.
Plastics: Plastics comprise a signifi cant division of waste. It is generally created from the refi ning of fossil oil. The granulated or powder is delivered from the polymers. The blending of various plastics during reusing brings about decreasing cardinal highlights. The plastic recuperation can be partitioned into two unique ways: • Energy recuperation: Warmth and power.
• Material recuperation: Chemical and mechanical recycling.
Compound reusing includes the separating of plastics into monomers which are additionally utilized in treatment facilities to deliver new items. Mechanical treatment includes the arranging of plastic, washing it to expel outside specialists, dried, and cut into chips. These chips are then expelled and the fi nished result is dark plastic.

Bio-methanation plant for wholesale vegetable and fruit market
Choitram Mandi is the biggest mandi in Central India. Around 20-25 MTPD fruit and vegetable waste is produced on a regular schedule. Prior, the waste was gathered and transferred to the centralized waste processing and disposal site of IMC, which brought about overwhelming transportation and labor cost. Hence, IMC under its arrangement of advancing the decentralized treatment of natural waste sets up a Biomethanation plant (Bio-CNG Plant) of 20 MTPD capacity. Through the offering process, IMC designated Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. Mumbai to build up the plant, which was appointed in December 2017. The general undertaking cost was ₹15.00 Cr out of which ₹7.2 Cr. VGF was given by IMC. The concession time of the venture is 15 years.
Presently, all the fruit and vegetable waste generated at Choithram Mandi (Figure 8) is being gathered and prepared in the Bio CNG plant. Around 800 kg of purifi ed and compressed Bio CNG having 95% pure Methane gas is generated on daily basis. The pressurized Bio-CNG gas is utilized as a fuel to work roughly 15 city support buses. The processed slurry is gone through strong liquid separation unit, fi ltered fl uid is utilized in the making slurry and the rest is dried and changed into organic fertilizer. Gap assessment (Table 3) To overcome all the defi ciencies of present system and to establish soild waste management system of Indore city as per and Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 following actions are required: • 100% door to door collection and storage of waste.
• To make city bin free so as no storage of waste can be done along roads.
• Fixing of litter bins in all commercial areas.
• Establishment of modern transfer stations at strategic locations.
• Establishment of waste to energy plant.

Conclusion
This paper presents the municipal solid waste collection, disposal, and management plan of the city of Indore in India.