Improving faba bean production and productivity through the integrated management of Orobanche Crenatae at Kutaber, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Orobanche crenata (parasitic weed) is highly limiting factor for faba bean productions and the most serious agricultural economic importance pests in south wollo, eastern Ethiopia. Orobanche infested areas located in Eastern Amhara, Kutaber, Dessie zuria, Tenta and Mekedella distinct which are 40120 km far from the capital city of South Wollo zone Dessie. Kutaber and Dessie zuria districts were more infested for orobanche and makes out of production for the last 30 years. To regenerate faba bean production in the given districts Sirinka Agricultural Research Center in collaboration with ICARDA project have done different research activity on orobanche parasitic weed controlling methods using different synthetic chemical spray, chemical integrating with other cultural, and chemical methods, through different plant growth stage. Ashenge faba bean variety (orobanche tolerant) with two times of 0.3Lha-1 glyphosate chemical in 250 to 300Lha-1 water sprayed at faba bean fl ower starting & one week after fi rst sprayed, and continuous hand weeding of orobanche weed before fl owering. With these integrated management the Ashengie variety gave 22-26qtha-1 in the orobanche infested areas. .There was a wide training addressed for 112 male and 23 female. Total 135 participants attend at Kutaber district. The training addressed how to produce pure and quality seed production using 0.3L of Glyphosate chemical with Ashengie Variety to replace faba bean production and supplying for income generation of the farmer. Ashengie variety seed exchanged were 18.5 quintal among farmer using 4 male, 2 female, totally 6 in 2017 and the exchange in kind with any crop were 15.5 quintal seed for quality seed around Orobanche infested areas. From the above result total sale price reach 32000.00 Birr per 1 ton and farmer were more benefi ted in seed sales and used as seed source for Orobanche contaminated areas. Research Article Improving faba bean production and productivity through the integrated management of Orobanche Crenatae at Kutaber, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Akalu Gebru1* and Mekonnen Mesganaw2 1Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia 2International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry land Area (ICARDA), Ethiopia Received: 07 August, 2020 Accepted: 09 March, 2021 Published: 10 March, 2021 *Corresponding author: Akalu Gebru, Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia, E-mail:


Introduction
World Faba bean growing area is concentrated in nine different agro ecological regions including Ethiopia, Central and East Asia, According to FAOSTAT (2015). China is the leading for both production and productivity followed by Ethiopia. In Ethiopia faba bean is grown in the highlands (1800-3000 m.a.s.l). Faba bean is the major pulse crop grown in the country. Ethiopia is considered to be one of the centers of secondary diversity for faba bean. Amhara region has the largest pulse area coverage (43.7%) and contributes to the highest production (47.0%) in the country followed by the Oromiya region, with 38.0% of the area and contributing 39.0% of national production. Faba bean has an important pulse in the Ethiopian for export and nutritional diet and is consumed in various forms for its high protein content.
Orobanche crenata is highly limiting factor for faba bean production and the most serious parasitic weed and agricultural pests of economic importance. According to (Elrokieket, et al. 2015), it is an obligate holophrastic weed that causes severe damage to many important vegetable and fi eld crops. It is considered one of the major biotic limiting factors to the production of legumes such as faba bean. They are devoid From the above observations dry sowing with 0.3Lha -1 glyphosate sprayed showed better control for orobanche crenata weed and spray fi eld score 2343.8kgha -1 grain yield and the unsprayed also score 980kgha -1 .

Observation of spray frequency for the management of O. crenata
Using Ashengie variety and 0.3 litter of glyphosate chemical ha -1 with one spray, two times spray and without spray.
In this evaluation using Ashengie variety with one time spray of 0.6Lha -1 glyphosate chemical gave 33 quintal with two times spray 28 quintal and with no spray 22 quintal grain yield faba bean production. Ashengie variety is prominent variety in combat of a serious parasitic weed (Orobanche) around kutaber district. These parasitic weed totally eliminated faba bean production for last 30 years.
Description of test locations in which the proposed activity was done (in terms of soil type, texture class availability of quality irrigation water, altitude, temperature, rainfall distribution and amount); rainfall and temperature affect planting, harvesting and threshing, disease outbreak).
Show how the productivity, production, food and nutrition security improvement is achieved by intensifi cation through orobaneche tolerant faba bean variety and improved orobaneche management practices for production of faba bean.

Seed quality and quarantine
The seeds were pure no contamination with other faba bean because there is no faba bean grown in the Orobnche weed infested areas except Ashenge.
For Ashengie pure seed production, there should be different cultural and manual system were considered. Previous cultivation history, cultivation time, crop rotation and sowing time, border effect should considered. of chlorophyll and totally dependent on the host for organic carbon, water and nitrogen.
Faba bean is crucial for home consumption as well as soil fertility by absorbing atmospheric nitrogen. Faba bean crop able to fi x up to 350kgNh -1 , removed up to 160kgNh -1 in harvested grain and contributed up to 270kgNh -1 to soil N after harvest (Rochester J, et al. 1998) [1]. However, with this important of faba bean production, the production and productivity of faba bean in eastern Amhara is reduced and in some district abandoned for the last 30 years due to Orobanche crenata infestation. Farmer totally abstained to produce faba bean production. According to woreda offi ce of agriculture and the community total faba bean plant is out of production. According

Ways of approaching and practical application
Orobanche infested areas were located Eastern Amhara, kutaber,, Tenta and Mekedella district which are 40-120 km far apart from the capital city of South Wollo, Dessie.
The altitude range of these specifi c locations are 2868-3000 m.s.l. Average annual rainfall is reach 900mm, and 9 o c to 20 o C minimum and maximum temperature respectively. The soil type is from light vertisol and litosol, Orobanche infestation is very high and hard to produce faba bean (Tables 1,2).
In these on farm evaluation research using Varieties Ashengie and local varieties, fertilizers (DAP 100 kg ha -1 ), Bio-fertilizer and untreated check evaluated on the control of orobanche. Ashengie variety is orobanche tolerate variety than local variety, which gave reasonable grain yield (1375kgha -1 with DAP, 1325kgha -1 with BioF. and 1275kgha -1 without, local variety gave 775kgha -1 with DAP, 750kgha -1 without any fertilizer and 450kgha -1 with Bio-fertilizer).

Variety and available technologies distributed as a package
In the fi rst year Ashengie varieties was scale out 0.

Training and physical capacity building
There is wide training addressed for 112 male and 23 female, total 135 farmer, extention worker and woreda expert participants and attend both at Kutaber and legambo district. reducing Orobanche infestation and good production ( Table 3).  Contin uous hand weeding has an additional advantage in that orobanche seed bank can be reduced over time if seed production is prevented as per recommended,  If the technology is properly applied, it is two birds with one stone; it means grain production and Orobanche weed seeds reduction from the soil bank at the same time.

The way forward
Participant farmer from infested kebele, responsive zonal and keble puplic respobsiple person loudly speak the scale out of these technology. There for ,all concerned body who have ability to support the poor farmer should provide the technology with full of package and training to continued faba bean production on by the helps of Ashengie variety with 0.3lha -1 glyphosate chemical to regenerate faba bean production and to alleviate food security and nutritionals defi ciency at kutaber woreda and in Amhara region.