Incorporation of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes Meal in Aqua-feed and its Efficacy on Growth Performance of roho labeo, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Reared in Cagev

Bangladesh is an agro-based riverine country and is situated in the northern part of the south Asian sub-continent, has an area of 1, 47, 570 sq.km. The country is blessed with vast inland water resources which offer great scope and potential for augmenting fi sh production by adopting culture based fi sheries techniques. Bangladesh has a wide variety of fi sh species including 260 for freshwater and 475 for marine water [1]. Fish is the cheapest source of protein for human nutrition in the country, still with a gap in a production and supply. Hence, accelerating the development of aquaculture industry is important to fulfi ll the protein demand for increasing world’s population. Fish and fi sheries products provide about 60% of the country’s animal protein [1]. The development of aquaculture industry is important to fulfi ll the protein demand for increasing world’s population. Fish and fi sheries item plays an important role to fulfi ll the demand of fi sh consumption [1].


Introduction
Bangladesh is an agro-based riverine country and is situated in the northern part of the south Asian sub-continent, has an area of 1, 47, 570 sq.km. The country is blessed with vast inland water resources which offer great scope and potential for augmenting fi sh production by adopting culture based fi sheries techniques. Bangladesh has a wide variety of fi sh species including 260 for freshwater and 475 for marine water [1]. Fish is the cheapest source of protein for human nutrition in the country, still with a gap in a production and supply.
Citation: Sarker  depends on aqua feed. But, the uncertain availability and high cost of feed are important constrains for the development of aquaculture in Bangladesh. Therefore, the development of quality and low cost fi sh feed is crucial. The expansion of aquaculture correlated to increase in feed production and subsequently an increasing demand for fi sh meal. But according to FAO statistics, global fi sh meal production has remained fairly static. Also, reasons for current interest in its replacement irregular availability, variable quality, perceived contribution to deterioration of fi shes, potential for adulteration, contamination with hydrocarbons and biological pathogens and increasing costs. For several years, there has been continuation interest in identifying and developing ingredients as alternatives to fi sh meal for use with in aquatic feed [2,3]. Among the ingredients that are been investigated as alternatives to fi sh meal, products derived from soybeans are some of the most promising work was reported [4][5][6][7].
Some of other indigenous available ingredients used throughout the country Bangladesh like mustard oil cake, coconut bran, potato, water hyacinth and other locally potential raw materials. Thus, the optimum protein requirement is the fi rst nutritional parameter to be determined for formulated feed production for a newly established cultured fi sh species according to Kim and Lee (2009) [8]. Also improvements in growth, feed utilization effi ciency and nutrient retention in fi sh fed such adequate lipid feed reported by Sargent et al., (2002) advantage of the fi sh farmer by giving a shorter grow-out period [9]. Studies have been conducted on the use of water hyacinth as feed for different fi sh species including Indian major carps [10,11]. A potential incorporation of water hyacinth meal in the diets for the fi ngerlings of the roho labeo [12], in common carp [13,14] and in mirror carp [15] found a good result. However, information on the use of processed leaf meals of water hyacinth in aqua feeds are scanty [16]. The roho labeo is primarily a herbivorous to omnivorous species and prefers to feed on plant materials [17]. Considering the above circumstance the present study was performed to Incorporate of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes meal in aqua-feed and its effi cacy on growth performance of roho labeo, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) reared in cage.

Location and duration
Experimental studies were carried out under the Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The rearing site was at Isamoti River, Santhia, Pabna. The effects of feeding water hyacinths meal on growth and production of roho labeo was evaluated for a period of 12 weeks during March to May, 2018 under cage culture.

Experimental feed
The experimental feed were formulated by the incorporation of water hyacinth at the level of 0% (control diet, WH0), 15% (WH15 diet) and 25% (WH25 diet) ( Table 1).An outer station was conducted with three treatments and three replications. The ingredients were well mixed and pelleted using a laboratory pellet machine. The pellet was dried using sundry and stored at cool place until use.

Making of cage
The cages were constructed each with size of 6 meter long, 3 meter wide and 2 meter depth. All the Cages have been made by angle metal iron and special nylon net with 25mm mash size. The sizes of the cage will 10 m 3 . The fl oating cages were fi xed by bamboo and plastic dram. The cage will be set in fi xed place on fl oating in River. The cage net was collected from Chandpur sadar, Bangladesh.

Collection of fi sh
The roho labeo, Labeo rohita (Ham. 1822) was selected for study around 200g purchased from Parila, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The roho labeo seed was collected from Padma river of Bangladesh part. The fi sh was carried out with the road transport by open transport system.

Stocking
All the fi shes were acclimatized in a cage for three days with aeration system. In the acclimation time all the fi shes fed commercial fi sh feed. The fi shes were randomly released into different replicates of three treatments. Fish were stocked early in the morning. Stocking density was 2fi sh/m 3 .

Feeding
According to the fi rst size and weight a required amount of feed were given two times in a day into experimental cages.
The feeds were supplied twice daily, in the morning (at 9.30am) and in the afternoon at (4.30pm) in cages at the rate of 4%of the body weight.

Experimental conditions and feeding trail
The fi sh at average body weight 200g randomly distributed in each of the 9 cages with three replications. The rearing experiment was running for 12 weeks. The water quality parameters monitored every 4 th week. During the experimental period, fish was weighed after 4 weeks and the supplied diet pellet size was adjusted as fi sh.

Water quality monitoring
The physical parameters and chemical parameters were monitored. The water quality parameters viz. water temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO) and free carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) were studied fortnightly between 10 am to 11 am for the present study.

Water temperature
Water temperature was measured using a Celsius thermometer. Similar process was followed three times and fi nally average value was recorded. The temperature was expressed as °C.

Dissolved Oxygen
The dissolved oxygen concentration of water was determined by the aid of a water quality test kit (HACH kit FF-

Free carbon dioxide (C0 2 )
Free carbon dioxide was determined through digital titration by the help of a HACH kit (FF-2, USA). Phenolphthalein powder pillows and Sodium hydroxide titration cartridge (0.3636 N) were used for determination of free carbon dioxide. It was also expressed as mg/l of water.

Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH)
The water pH of cage water was measured by using a pH indicator paper (Lojak). A small portion of this paper was rinsed into the water and after a few minutechanges in colour was matched with the reference colour of the discranging from 1-14.

Sampling
The fi shes were sampled three times. The caged fi shes were caught by scoop net from the cages. The body weights of fi shes were recorded.

Final weight
It was taken at the time of harvest and was express as (g).
Final weight (g) =Weight of fi sh at harvest

The mean weight gain
The mean weight gain is calculated as-

Mean variation in the water quality parameters
A number of water quality parameters such as, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and free CO 2 were measured fortnightly during the study period. The variation in the mean values of different water quality parameters under different treatments by total of all weeks are presented in Table   2 and Figures 1-4.

Water temperature (°C)
Temperature is one of the most important water quality parameter that infl uences the growth, food intake, reproduction to 31.05°C in carp polyculture pond [18]. DoF (2008) recorded temperature ranges at 26-32.44°C in pond water, these were also more or less similar vary from the present study [19].

Water pH value
The observed value of pH (7.10±0.06 to7.43±0.03) recorded in present study. The minimum value was recorded with the treatment WH 0(T 1 ) whereas the maximum value was recorded with the treatment WH 15(T 2 ). No signifi cant differences (P<0.05) were found among the treatments for the mean values of water pH values. This statement also agreed with Shaha et al., (2003) who found the pH range varied from 7.43 to 8.05 in tilapia culture pond [20]. DoF (2008) recorded suitable pH ranges 5.66-7.44 in pond water [19]. These fi ndings were more or less similar vary from the present study.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) (mg/l)
During the study period the highest Dissolved Oxygen

Free CO2 (mg/l)
The recorded mean values of Free CO 2 were found to be ranged from 3.23±0.03 to 3.25±0.03. The minimum value was recorded with the treatment WH 0(T 1 ) whereas the maximum value was recorded with the treatment WH 15(T 2 ). No signifi cant differences (P<0.05) were found among the treatments for the mean values of Free CO 2 (mg/l). According to Ekubo and Abowei (2011) tropical fi shes can tolerate CO 2 levels over 100 mg L -1 but the ideal level of CO 2 in fi sh pond is less than 10 mg/ L [25].
Bhatnagar and Singh (2010) suggested, 5-8 ppm is essential for photosynthetic activity; 12-15 ppm is sub lethal to fi shes and 50-60 ppm is lethal to fi shes [26]. From the above fi ndings, it is concluded that the Free CO 2 content of the experimental water body was within the good productive range.

Fish growth performance (Mean Variation)
The growth and production performance of roho labeo after the rearing period fed with water hyacinths meal (0%-25%) in terms of weight gain, SGR, FCR, and total production are presented in Table 3. In this study 0-25% incorporation level of water hyacinths meal to produce cost effective formulated feed had no adverse effect on growth of the roho labeo. There was no signifi cant difference between the growths of roho labeo fed diets containing 0% and 15% water hyacinth meal based diets.
But a decreasing growth was found in fi sh group fed 25% water   hyacinth meal based diets. There was no signifi cant difference between the growth performance of fi sh that were fed diets containing up to 15% water hyacinth and fi sh that were fed the control diet [13]. Incorporation water hyacinths leaf meal up to 0-40% in the diets of roho labeo fi ngerlings showed on adverse effect on growth [12]. In the other study there was no signifi cant difference (P<0.05) between the growths of fry fed diets containing 0% -20% water hyacinth meal [14].

Initial weight
Average initial weights of fi sh roho labeo under different treatments were 199±17.91, 200±9.7g and 202±6.9g for WH 0(T 1 ), WH 15(T 2 ) and WH 25(T 3 ) respectively. There were no signifi cant differences in initial weight of fi sh in different treatments. This research was done with big size fi ngerling that is use in commercial fi sh farming. Other studies were done with roho labeo fi ngerlings average mean weight 4.0±0.14g [12], common carp fry average mean weight 1.64g [13], Grass carp fry average mean weight 1.618 ± 0.138g [27].

Final weight (g)
The mean fi nal weight (g) of roho labeo was found to be varied in the ranges from 449.07 ±6.8g to 506.09±9.7g. Among the different treatments, the lowest mean fi nal weight was recorded with the treatment WH 25(T 3 ) whereas the highest mean fi nal weight was recorded with the treatment WH 15(T 2 ).

Mean weight gain (g)
The mean weight gain (g) of roho labeo was found to be varied in the ranges from 247.07 ±2.62g to 306.10±3.57g.
Among the different treatments, the lowest mean weight gain (g) was recorded with the treatment WH25 treatment group whereas the highest mean weight gain (g) was recorded with the treatment WH15 fi sh group. There was no signifi cant difference (P<0.05) was found in fi sh groups fed 0% and 15% WH meal based diets. These results have the same opinion with the 0-15% inclusion of WH meal showed better growth performance in common carp fry [13]. There was no signifi cant difference was found in fi sh groups fed 0% and 20% inoculation in diets of roho labeo fi ngerling with increasing level of raw WH leaf meal [12].

Food conversion ratio (FCR)
The mean food conversion ratio (FCR) of roho labeo was found to be varied in the ranges from 3.00±0.01 to 3.50±0.04.
Among the different treatments, the lowest mean food conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded with the treatment WH ± 0.025) by using WH diet and control diet [27]. FCR value of 0% and 15% incorporation of water hyacinth meal respectively do not differ signifi cantly in common carp [15]. It was found 2.35±0.06 FCR by the inclusion of WH meal at the rate of 47% in the feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [29]. Also up to 30% inoculation of water hyacinth fed with cat fi sh (Clarias gariepinus) was not affected in FCR [30]. Also, FCR did not differ signifi cantly among fi sh fed the various dietary treatments with 0-15% WH meal [31]. In grass carp, FCR was 2.223 ± 0.031when fed with 15% WH based diet [27].

Total production
The total productions (kg/cage/cycle) of roho labeo with different treatments were found to be varied in the ranges from 35.93 ±.07 to 40.49 ±.21 (kg). Signifi cant differences (P<0.05) were found among the treatment WH 25(T 3 ) for the mean values of total production (kg/ cage/cycle) during the study period. Signifi cantly highest (P<0.05) production was recorded at the treatment WH 15(T 2 ) whereas the lowest was recorded at the treatment WH 25(T 3 ). The results are in accord with the fi nding of many authors with the different fi sh species are used. This statement was similar with Sarker and Aziz (2017) who found total production nearly by using WH 0% (2,198.63±12) and WH 15% (2,075.36±11g) than WH 25% (1,914±9.5g) in fi sh feed ingredients as protein source fed with Mirror Carp, (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) [15]. Abdel-Fattah and Mamdouh (2008) has observed that at 20% of WH inclusion level in Tilapia feed, fi sh performance was reduced [32]. The effi cient maximum digestion to nutrients is only up to 20% of water hyacinth inclusion in the diet of common carp [33].

Conclusion
Incorporation of water hyacinth meal in fi sh feed as a feed ingredient that can be used to reduce the cost without affecting growth rate. This study demonstrated that the 15-