A Survey on Fish Population Availability in Different Season in Northern India

The fi sheries segment recognized as a powerful income generator as, on the one hand, it stimulates the growth of several minor industries and, on the other hand, provides cheap and nutritious food. It plays a vital role in the socio-economic life of thousands of people directly or indirectly involved in it, as it allows for a source of occupation and income to millions of rural farmers, particularly women [1-3]. A well-developed fi sh marketing system intimately depends upon the fi sh production and the developed fi shery sector with a proper setup of economy and substructure [4]. In the case of saline/brackish water fi shery, India has a long marine coastline (7,517 km), a vast number of fi shing villages (3,827 nos), and has a good amount of traditional fi sh landing centers (1,914 nos). However, in freshwater fi shery, India has excellent freshwater resources in terms of freshwater rivers and canals (195,210 km), minor and signifi cant reservoirs (2.9 million hectares (Mha), ponds and lakes (2.4 Mha), and has fl ooded plain wetlands and water bodies (0.8 Mha) [5]. After the independence fi sheries sector has seen massive 11–fold increment, i.e., from 0.75 million tonnes (1950-51) to 9.6 million tonnes (2012–13), which resulted in a supreme average annual growth rate of 4.5% over the years. India is the second-largest country in worldwide fi sh production and is home to more than 10% of the global fi sh diversity. However, the commercial fi sh farming rate is going to higher in India. The demand for fi sh and the consumption rate is increasing gradually. It has an urgent requirement for the fi sh market development in the rural part of India [6-7].


Introduction
The fi sheries segment recognized as a powerful income generator as, on the one hand, it stimulates the growth of several minor industries and, on the other hand, provides cheap and nutritious food. It plays a vital role in the socio-economic life of thousands of people directly or indirectly involved in it, as it allows for a source of occupation and income to millions of rural farmers, particularly women [1][2][3]. A well-developed fi sh marketing system intimately depends upon the fi sh production and the developed fi shery sector with a proper setup of economy and substructure [4]. In the case of saline/brackish water fi shery, India has a long marine coastline (7,517 km), a vast number of fi shing villages (3,827 nos), and has a good amount of traditional fi sh landing centers (1,914 nos). However, in freshwater fi shery, India has excellent freshwater resources in terms of freshwater rivers and canals (195,210 km), minor and signifi cant reservoirs (2.9 million hectares (Mha), ponds and lakes (2.4 Mha), and has fl ooded plain wetlands and water bodies (0.8 Mha) [5]. After the independence fi sheries sector has seen massive 11-fold increment, i.e., from 0.75 million tonnes (1950-51) to 9.6 million tonnes (2012-13), which resulted in a supreme average annual growth rate of 4.5% over the years. India is the second-largest country in worldwide fi sh production and is home to more than 10% of the global fi sh diversity. However, the commercial fi sh farming rate is going to higher in India. The demand for fi sh and the consumption rate is increasing gradually. It has an urgent requirement for the fi sh market development in the rural part of India [6][7]. many other food as well as ornamental fi shes [9][10][11]. One study from Jammu and Kashmir, one UT in north India, reported the presence of Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio specularis) and Country fi sh (Schizothoracine species) [12].
After several studies on the fi sh farm cultivation in several countries, it is indicating that fi sh far cultivation may enhance the socioeconomic of the country. For this process, a welldeveloped strategy should have to take in a long-term way. The study on the fi sh market can analyze the status of the availability of different fi sh species throughout the season. The availability of the fi sh is an excellent protein source for the daily lifestyle of human civilization that depends upon the fi sh. The study area which has been covered for this project work was the entirely untouched area for this study. In this context, this work has been taken to survey the fi sh species available in the market throughout the year.

Study Area
Gummat fi sh market, Jammu Division The fi rst survey site was the Gummat market, which is present in Jammu, India. The survey site was presented in Figure 1. This market has both wholesale and trade shops. This study was carried out for three months of 2018-2019 (August, October, and February). In the Gummat market, there were four retail shops and three both retail and wholesale companies. The survey was conducted in the morning session and collected all the information about fi sh marketing. As per the report, there were fi ve primary natural sources of fi shes (Chenab, Tawi, Ravi, Basantar, and Ujh River).
The information regarding cultivated species, rate production, availability, marketing channel, transport facilities, etc. were collected from the fi sh traders of this market.
Bilaspur fi sh market, Himachal Pradesh Second survey site was the Bilaspur market located in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. The survey site was presented in Figure 2. The primary fi sh market near the Diyra sector, which has both a wholesale and retail market. The study was carried out for a period of 5 months, from August to February 2018. In this market, there were only fi ve shops, per day supply 18qu fi sh to each shop. The fi sh market was surveyed around 11:00 am to 3:00 pm during every visit. We collected information about cultivated species, rate production, availability, marketing channel, transport facilities, cost of marketing consumer behavior and problems of the market from fi sh traders. Crosscheck interview was conducted with vital information such as local leaders. Local fi sh traders were middlemen who harvested fi sh at point sites and dispose of those directly to retailers or through commission agents.
Amritsar fi sh market, Punjab The third survey site was the Amritsar fi sh market, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The survey site was presented in Figure 3. The main fi sh market of Amritsar is also known as Old Mewa Mandi of Amritsar (Hall Gate fi sh market). The study was carried out for a period of 5 months from September 2018 to January 2019. In the Amritsar market, there were only seven shops, per day supply 20 Qu. Fish to each shop. The fi sh market was surveyed around 12 pm to 4 pm during every visit. We have collected information about cultivated species, rate production, availability, marketing channel, transport facilities, cost of marketing consumer behavior and problems of the market from fi sh traders.

Selected Parameters
The Total number of fi sh species found during the survey is six. The study was carried out for different periods. The fi sh length was measured by measuring tape. The weighing machine measured fi sh weight. Fish price during survey fi sh, sellers give all the information about the fi sh price of every species.  The income of fi sh sellers During the survey, it has been found that the per day sale of fi shes was Rs 10000-12000, with a profi t of 2000 during the summer season but decreases in the winter season.

Results and Discussion
Gummat fi sh market, Jammu Division In the fi sh market of Gummat in the Jammu division, three retailers and two wholesale shops were present. About six species have been observed in this market on local demand.  (Table 1).
During the survey, we found that August's month was the most populated. Some fi shes were found in August month but was absent in other months while some species were found in all months. Body length and body weight was varied due to seasonal changes. The changes might be due to the less availability of food materials for fi shes in the nursery pond in the winter season. It might be also due to the very low temperature in winter months as the temperature affects the basic metabolic rate in the fi sh [13].

Bilaspur fi sh market, Himachal Pradesh
In the fi sh market of Bilaspur, only fi ve fi sh shops were present. About 61 fi sh species observed in our study, which belongs to 13 families. In the survey area, two types of fi sh  (Table 3).
August month was the most fi sh populated month, but in other months, the number of fi sh species was less. Cirrhinus cirrhosus was only found in August and February.
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis was only found in August.
Whereas, Catla catla was available only in August and October.
October is the only month when Labeo rohita was did not found.
The availability of all the fi sh in different months depicting that summer month has a higher availability of fi sh species than the winter month.
In the case of body weight and body length of different fi sh species, it has been found that bodyweight greatly varied in the summer and winter months ( Table 4). Bodyweight of Labeo rohita in August was 15 kg, whereas, in the winter month, February, it was only 0.5 kg (Table 4). It might be due to the very low temperature in the winter month as the temperature affecting the basic metabolic rate in the fi sh and unavailability of suffi cient food [13].
Lower availability and insuffi cient body weight of different fi sh species in the winter month affects the income of fi sh sellers of this market. Summer month has a higher availability of fi sh species and higher body weight (Table 4). It was refl ected by the income of the fi sh seller, which is about 10 Lakhs. But, this amount of income went in decrease pattern like in September income was 8 Lakhs, on October 7 Lakhs, on November 5 Lakhs, and in February, income was 4.5 Lakhs.   Cirrhinus cirrhosus 120 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 120

Amritsar fi sh market, Punjab
Only seven fi sh shops were present, in the fi sh market of Amritsar. About 18 fi sh species recorded which belongs to ten families. In the survey area, eighteen types of fi shes which were graded as A, B, C, D, and E depending upon the local population demand. In grade A, Labeo rohita, Pangasius buchanani, Platycephalus fuscus, and Sperata seenghala were types of fi shes found in September 2018. In grade B, Catla catla, Anabas testudineus, and Carassius auratus were types of fi shes found in October 2018. In grade C, Telapia nilotica, Solea solea, Platycephalus fuscus, and Ctenophoryngodon idella were types of fi shes found in November 2018. In grade D, Pampus chinensis, Tenualosa ilisha, Rita rita, and Lethrinus bohar were types of fi shes found in December 2018. In grade E, Labeo rohita, Nandus nandus, Catla catla, and Sperata seenghala were types of fi shes found in January 2019 ( Table 5). The price of all the fi shes was varied greatly in every month. The sizes and body weight of all the fi shes were signifi cantly larger in the summer season than in the winter season (Tables 5,6).

Conclusions
The study was performed using conventional survey techniques for the availability of different fi sh species in different time intervals, price of fi sh species in different months, monthly income of fi sh sellers, and sources of fi sh in this market. The conventional technique did bodyweight and body length of the available fi sh. The availability and bodyweight of the different fi sh were varied during different months. Most fi sh species and large size fi sh was found in the summer month. High income earned by the fi sh seller in the summer month. Therefore, it might be concluded that there was a lack of fi sh production in the winter months. Hence, an