Why Reforming foreign Aid is Critical to the Future of Africa, Africans & Their Wildlife

The following is a policy document based upon 30 years being involved in Sub-Saharan African conservation, advising African Governments, the U.S. Government and the hunting/conservation communities on the major issues holding back the economic development of the region and ultimately the future of its much revered megafauna. Ultimately, to save Africa’s wildlife, we must provide a viable future for the people living with the wildlife. Currently, this is not the case. The current situation is explained with accompanying photographs that support these observations. Foreign aid as currently practiced has failed to achieve these goals. Reasons for this failure are discussed and recommendations made so that foreign aid can play a major role in changing the face of Africa by giving its people and in turn their wildlife a viable future. Research Article Why Reforming foreign Aid is Critical to the Future of Africa, Africans & Their Wildlife Paul Andre DeGeorges1 Retired, Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa Received: 28 September, 2020 Accepted: 05 November, 2020 Published: 09 November, 2020 *Corresponding author: Paul Andre DeGeorges, Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa, E-mail: https://www.peertechz.com


Material and methods
This is a policy document and in simple terms takes the author's experiences with details brought out in references provided by this paper that can be downloaded on ResearchGate under his name, Andre DeGeorges.

One thing that bothers me from what I have experienced
is what I call "Blind Flag Waving Conservation", as though conservation in Africa is the end all, the savior of wildlife and its people. To continue blindly along this line of thinking is just as bad as being in the animal rights movement -as in the long-term it will mean the demise of Africa's wildlife and a bleak future for its people. This is because: 1) Due to capture of benefi ts linked to wildlife by the other stakeholders (government, safari and tourism operators), and due to the low resource to population ratio, CBNRM (Community Based Natural Resource Management) benefi ts tend to be negligible at the level of the household and are mostly used for common property benefi ts such as roads, schools, clinics, boreholes, etc. [1,2] These benefi ts on their own are important, but may not stop traditional resource users (e.g., hunters, sawyers, fi shers, wild medicine collectors, etc.) from poaching to feed their families unless they are integrated into the management of these areas, and/or from converting natural systems into man-made systems (e.g., for agriculture and livestock).
As one resident responded, living alongside Bwindi Impenetrable Forest that had been turned into a gorilla reserve -with benefi ts promised from eco-tourism, "Your schools, clinics and roads are well and good, but they don't fi ll empty bellies or pay school fees. We want access to the forest" [1,3] for timber that earned them money from pit sawing, bushmeat, etc. and, 2) 70-90 percent of foreign aid returns to the donor country with very little reaching the poorest of the poor [1]. Foreign aid, if properly used could change the face of Africa, creating a large urban middleclass while conserving Africa's unique mega-fauna and habitat.

The importance of bushmeat, both economically and culturally
While bushmeat is an important source of protein (Figures [3][4][5], most laws in Africa force Africans to poach ( Figure 6).
Unmanaged and with an increasing demand by an ever-growing human population stuck in poverty, this is not sustainable.
Along with training youth from rural Africa in wildlife management, there is a crying need to integrate traditional hunters in Africa into the management and sustainable harvest of "THEIR" wildlife! I can't tell you how many times I have heard game guards and even traditional hunters (poachers) come to the same conclusion -you have one of two choices if you don't want the poachers to poach, kill them or help them fi nd another way of life (Figure 7) -which could be integrating them into the management of these natural areas so they don't have to poach and/or educating they and their children so they are able to pursue alternative livelihoods.

To save africa's wildlife we must Save Its People
We can all agree that to Save Africa's Wildlife we must fi rst Save Africa's People. With a human population that will more than double in the next 50 years, unless there are major changes, the 2000 Sub-Saharan African population at about 622 million is projected to more than double by 2050 (Figures 12,13). If the majority of the people are stuck in subsistence lifestyles and/or in urban slums rotating back and forth between urban and rural areas poaching wildlife, timber ( Figures 14-16), fi sh, etc. and converting natural systems into man-made systems for farming ( Figure 17) and livestock, what Zimbabwean professional hunter (PH) Andy Wilkinson coined "Politics of Despair" -then the people and the wildlife are doomed [1,2].     The origin of the Donso (Dozo) hunting guilds date back to the 1236 A.D. under the Mali Empire of Sundiata Keita. They consider themselves professional. Their hunting garb consists of an earthy dyed tunic and a special hat that looks like a wig. Gris gris are special amulets prepared by Moslem marabous and worn by the Dozo to protect them from evil spirits. The apprentice hunter "donso dewn" and his hunting over a 3-6-year period is controlled by the "master hunter" or "donsofa, donso-koutigui or kalanfa". He is steeped in the traditions of hunting, transformation into lion and other creatures, traditional medicine and protection against the genies of the bush [1].

Failure of foreign aid
Let's be honest -conservation on its own has a very important role to play in contributing to development, but on its own will fail to save wildlife or help the people escape poverty [1,2]. Why aren't more people, who are concerned about the future of Africa, its people and "THEIR" wildlife, crying out about how Foreign Aid 4 has been used -failing to lift a signifi cant portion of people out of poverty, failing to turn wildlife into an economic resource that can keep up with human population growth and their economic demands -but creating dependency and exploiting Africa's vast natural resources with minimal benefi ts to Africa and Africans, and creating more areas of protection than of conservation/sustainable use. Our book 5 [1] goes into these issues in great detail.
This brings me back to conservationists (us hunters and fi shermen, ecologists, wildlife managers, safari operators, etc.). There is a need for the African conservation community to meet with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to discuss how many of their policies detrimentally impact Africa's wildlife, conservation and development programs (e.g., stopping

Figures 12,13:
The biggest threat to Wildlife in Sub-Saharan Africa is habitat loss from a human population stuck in subsistence lifestyles that will more than double in the next 50 years, Uganda, 1990. Source Photos: Author.    programs, as well as for anti-poaching activities), but also with USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development) to discuss how Foreign Aid is used in the name of conservation and development in Sub-Saharan Africa, but in many cases encourages more protectionism (e.g., parks and wildlife reserves) -kicking the people off "THEIR" land and cutting them off from accessing "THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES" upon which they survive, while trying to solve all the problems on the farm -"Failed" Integrated Rural Development. This often compresses them into areas that can no longer sustain their livelihoods. In addition, about 70-75% of Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of savannah biome. Its best land use is as pasture for wildlife and livestock, but while marginal, is increasingly being used by itinerant farmers in search of new lands as fallow periods disappear across the subcontinent due to soaring human populations. This is resulting in severe environmental degradation and a zone of confl ict between pastoralists and farmers across the sub-continent, and often between park managers, farmers and herders [1]. As human and livestock populations increase, along with poaching, encroachment into parks, game reserves and hunting blocks by herders and farmers is being seen across Sub-Saharan Africa, competing with wildlife and its habitat [ , [1].
And then as a means of infl uencing "conservation" policies that often end up being more protectionist than conservation/ sustainable use, there are the donor funded trips for the bureaucratic and political elite with per diems that sadly are often higher than their salaries.     Overseas Development Assistance (ODA), low of of icial inancing to the developing world that is concessional in character, namely grants and loans with at least a 25 percent grant component, most often referred to as "foreign aid", the loan component contributing to the buildup of both bi-lateral and multi-lateral debt [ In addition, Western NGOs, coming to Africa, tend to be fi lled with researchers, not resource managers. These researchers take the Precautionary Principle 6 , as opposed to Adaptive Management 7 that people like Graham Child & Ron Thomson pioneered in Zimbabwe. As noted, the actions of these NGOs are often destructive tending to alienate Africans by cutting them off from using and living off their natural resources -while attempting to solve all the problems on the farmlike tree farming as opposed to natural forest managementaforementioned "Failed" Integrated Rural Development [1,2].
The author has a lot of respect for researchers. They fed him important information that enabled him to put together the above-referenced book. But researchers aren't wildlife/ habitat managers. The author remembers, Dr. George Hughes Chief Executive Offi cer (CEO) of the Natal Parks Board that evolved into the KwaZulu Natal Nature Conservation Service and today's Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, South Africa -telling him that his reserves/parks were run by managers using the described Adaptive Management approach to wildlife and habitat, while researchers focused on fi lling very narrow data gaps that fed into the decision-making process of the reserve manager.
University trained Kruger National Park game warden Richard Sowry has warned that most parks in Africa do not generate enough income from ecotourism to support their management, let alone award benefi ts to peripheral communities [5]. As Ron Thomson 8 [6] has often recommended, these natural areas, with management and landuse plans, need to be sustainably managed as Green Factories Without Walls for a multitude of resources (e.g., wildlife, fi sh, timber, charcoal,

Hunting as a conservation & development tool in Sub-Saharan Africa
Michel Mantheakis, Chairman of the Tanzania Hunting Operators Association (TAHOA), asks -how is it that hunting helped recover wildlife in America, but can't be used in Africa

Failed kenya preservation model
Closing hunting, given the current socio-economic situation in Africa today, means "The End of the Game" as 6 Precautionary Principle -The protectionist approach, founded in Western urban industrialized settings where humans have lost their dependency on surviving directly off the environment, purports that wildlife and its complex life cycle must be fully understood before it can be used and that this requires time and extensive research. This results in passive management of the species, allowing "natural regulation" to dominate as the management approach, which assumes that nature will take care of itself [1]. 7 The Adaptive Management approach relies on a crude evaluation of wildlife resources based on available data on a speci ic species in order to make conservative estimates of sustainable off-take. This off-take is monitored while data gaps are identi ied and illed to help make better management decisions on how to best utilize wildlife as an economic and rural development tool for rural Africa: Preliminary but conservative quotas based on ield surveys; Adjusting quotas annually based on an appropriate and cost effective wildlife monitoring program [e.g., trophy quality, hunting success, hunting effort, herd structure and size, recruitment, aerial surveys (if available), along with decision support, rainfall, pasture quality]; and based on a theoretical off-take of only 2-5% of annual game population for trophies and another 10-25% for meat. Adaptive Management is the basic tenet of Southern Africa's approach to sustainable use. It is a pre-requisite for CBNRM to begin, since poverty, despair, alienation and disenfranchisement will not wait for Western scientists to study wildlife and its habitat to extinction and to the detriment of the people and their resources [1]. 8 Former employee of Rhodesian Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management. including Provincial Game Warden-in-charge Hwange National Park. Served as Chief Nature Conservation Of icer, Ciskei; and Director of the Bophuthatswana National Parks Board, South Africa. He operated as a Professional Hunter for three years; and for the last 27 years he has been a full-time author. He is a universitytrained Field Ecologist (cum laude); a long-time member of the Institute of Biology (London); and, former Chartered Biologist for the European Union. He is Chief Executive Of icer (CEO) of the NGO True Green Alliance, has written many books on conservation and wildlife management, and oversees the website https://www.mahohboh. org/the-team/   being sold off to commercial wheat and maize farms. All of this is the consequence of Western donors teamed up with the animal rights movement to impose poorly thought out land use policies, combined with the concept that eco-tourism (preservation) would save both the wildlife and the people, with the consequences seen in these photos and wildlife surveys [1].
Due to the antiquated laws of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) that favor Livestock over Wildlife, in the 1980s, White ranchers Clive (pers. comm.) and George Aggate of Kifl uku Farm, Laikipia Kenya, built a stone wall around their 3,644 ha (9,000 acre) farm and shot out all wildlife [ Figure 26]. They then approached the Kenya Wildlife Service and explained that they had the right to control problem animals and since wildlife had no direct value to them, they were all problem animals bringing in tick borne diseases, and competing with livestock for pasture. Until they could obtain reasonable value from wildlife, they didn't want wildlife on their land, being no different than any smallholder. Clive challenged the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) to take him to court. They refused, fearing that legally he would win the case and set a precedent for other smallholders in Kenya [1].

Next-door tanzania
In next door Tanzania    Like many Africans, he lives on deer, catfi sh/fi sh and clams on the Eastern Shore of Virginia -buying no meat or fi sh in the supermarket.
The Eastern Shore of Virginia is a rural area -mainly chicken farms, soybeans, corn, potatoes and watermen (crabs, oysters, clams & fi sh). The small farmer is almost a thing of the past -mainly a few big farmers as will likely occur in Africa assuming it can be helped to evolve from a dominant rural based economy to an urban based economy with a large middleclass. Besides, in this global world most youth are more interested in technology jobs than working the soil. The author remembers at Tshwane University of Technology's (TUT) Department of Nature Conservation, how students from all over rural Africa quickly jumped onto computers, iPads, etc.
Many people on the Eastern Shore depend on hunting deer, ducks, dove, rabbit, etc. -as in Africa for both cultural reasons, and for bushmeat -as a major source of protein. If an attempt was made to pull a stunt like in Africa and stop the people from hunting (how foolish these Western NGOs and African Governments are) -poaching would be out of control for both cultural and nutritional reasons -but we hunters and fi shers fund the game departments in America with our licenses, so I think we will be left alone. However, one never knows, as society becomes more and more urbanized and people buying their food in the supermarket can't relate to the fact that the saran-wrapped food once had scales, fur or feathers. On the other hand, expressing the same urban views of the animal rights movement trying to stop sustainable use of natural resources in Africa, when the author asks many urban people on the Eastern Shore about eating venison, the response these days is "Oh I can't eat Bambi". If asked, have they ever been to a slaughter house and seen the animals calling out, knowing they are about to die -they shriek and say no! What would you rather be a free-roaming deer/antelope/buffalo/elephant/ etc. and suddenly you catch a bullet, or some domestic animal, living in crowded conditions, wallowing in your manure, herded onto a cramped truck on the way to the slaughter house, and then standing in a line hearing others cry out, knowing you are going to have your throat slit or catch a bullet/plug to the brain? The author would rather be a free ranging deer/game animal.
Yes, it is understood in Africa, at this point in time most people can't afford expensive licenses -but they can be integrated, like in America and Europe, into the management of the game and then there would be few poachers.
Do you realize how many millions and millions of dollars are given to Western NGOs by the foreign aid donors to run conservation programs in Sub-Saharan Africa and "Where is the Beef" maybe better said, "Where is the Nyama 12 " -I don't see too many dramatic results -except for lots of poaching and habitat loss. Yes, in Southern Africa there is some success with CBNRM, but not enough to lift the majority of people out of poverty [1,2]. enough tourists to be profi table and subsidize another 14 national parks not viable for tourism. As of 2020, the Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA) has taken over most of the hunting blocks around the Selous Game Reserve, as well as those associated with Burigi, Biharamulo and Kimisi, so national parks now comprise about 14-15% of Tanzania and hunting blocks, though signifi cant, less than 25%. About 70% of hunting revenue to Tanzania comes from American hunters. Most hunting areas are not viable for ecotourism lacking the scenery and numbers/diversity of wildlife compared to the top national parks [7] 11 .

Recovery of the eastern whitetail deer in the U.S. a comparison
When the author was a boy, the Whitetail deer was down to nothing -back in the 1960s in Maryland, you could take one deer a year, forked horn or larger, no does and if you harvested one everyone came by to see it -I think a lot having to do with the Great Depression and game meat helping people survive. But we hunters collaborated with the fi sh & game departments. Thus, what happened is the result of conservation/sustainable use and one can argue Community Based Natural Resource Management. (CBNRM) -we hunters and landowners being the "Community" who collaborated with the government fi sh and game departments across the U.S. Today, in next-door Virginia there are so many deer, they have become a crop pest, and carry the tick borne Lyme Disease (the author had to take a 10-day treatment about 2-years ago and is now very careful, wearing high rubber boots with my pants tucked in, even when in his yard -it's that bad -but then he abuts up against a farm and it's a 5 minute walk to his deer stand). There are so many deer that the quota is 6 deer a year -3 antlerless and 3 either sex, and then one can buy bonus tags. The author has averaged 5-deer/year between 2009-2019 from a combination 11 See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_uaF0qarDQ&feature=youtu.be) 12 Term used in East & Southern Africa for "meat", often game meat. There is a crying need to send as many African youths as possible off to university, trade schools, apprenticeships, wildlife colleges, etc. or employ them directly in the safari/ ecotourism sectors to help take the pressure off these rural areas." There is also a need to begin this environmental education at the primary and secondary school levels. As often attributed to St. Francis Xavier, "Give me the child until he is seven and I'll give you the man". The author's Mother-a primary school teacher called it the "Formative Years". A person's values and outlooks on life are formed very early in life. In turn, these young people will sensitize their parents to conservation issues, and hopefully economic opportunities will improve so that people can't be taken advantage of by the political/ business elite, and most people won't want to take the risks associated with poaching -since they won't have to in order to survive and feed their families!   gradually died out as leadership changed within these hunting organizations.

Foreign Aid's potential role in African education
Think what Foreign Aid could do if pushed in the right direction in one of the resource richest places in the world, but with among the poorest people economically, not culturally! Even if Project Noah survived, it was a drop in the bucket in the number of students funded, compared to what is needed to educate Africans in Africa by Africans in what is relevant and to avoid the Brain Drain when they are sent overseas and don't want to return. I can't tell you how many times I got in a taxi in the USA to fl y back to Africa from Dulles or Ronald Reagan Airports and the driver was an African with a university degree. Says something about what opportunities exist in Africa. I will also never forget in Guyana, a CIA (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency) operative telling me, we identify the best and the brightest from around the World, send them to study in America and keep them there -that's how we make America Great. Education in Africa will stem this hideous practice; my frank opinion! If you steal an educated person from Europe, there will be plenty of educated people to take his/her place. But, if you steal the best and brightest from a Developing Country, you are holding that country back from evolving economically.
The future of Africa and Africa's wildlife is in the hands of you Africans -and I believe properly spent -foreign aid could make a BIG BIG difference -right now it is a form of GLOBAL WELFARE and is holding back Africa just like welfare is holding back our Inner Cities/Concrete Jungles in America.
Masses of youth from these rural areas need to be sent off for tertiary training in forestry, fi sheries and wildlife management to run these programs -monitoring offtake in collaboration with traditional natural resource users to assure sustainable management of "THEIR" natural resources, while many others with educational opportunities will chose to become the doctors, lawyers, factory workers and businessmen living in urban settings -thus taking the pressure off these rural areas as less and less people live subsistence lifestylessimilar to what happened to the author's Mother's generation of the 20 century. How many youths have been sent off for tertiary education in wildlife management/nature conservation, and other disciplines in Africa by the Western donors? The amount of money spent in Africa by foreign aid is orders of magnitude more than that generated from hunting, and if properly used could help boost and compliment hunting as a major conservation and development tool integrated into diverse economic activities [e.g., manufacturing -transforming more of Africa's natural resources in Africa as a means of getting added value and creating a middleclass, jump starting community run tourism such as USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development) did with the Rwenzori Mountaineering Service, etc.

How best to use foreign aid as a conservation and development tool
Foreign Aid should be used primarily for: across Sub-Saharan Africa to help standardize and improve curricula, making education more affordable since students can be educated in the country of their birth.

7.
With what is left over should be used to subsidize/jump start Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa as a means of getting added value from transforming more of Africa's natural resources in Africa, thereby helping to create a large urban middleclass as a means of taking pressure off the rural areas in helping conserve its natural systems.
Having been inside USAID and seen the actions of other donors and the UN (United Nations) in Africa -they are infi ltrated just like the USFWS (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) with animal rights/anti-hunting types and NGOs/consulting fi rms/ so called "Experts" like leeches sucking up money that, as noted, cycles back to America/Europe that could make a real difference if spent in Africa. The author is not a fan of foreign aid as currently practiced -a form of global welfare creating dependency, but if it could be reformed and used as suggested -it could transform Africa and give the people and their wildlife a bright future. Sadly, the author fears that the U.S. & Europe, along with Africa's political elite, fear an educated society that would no longer accept their Continent being exploited for cheap natural resources. Foreign aid must be revised if Africans and their wildlife are to have a future.

Education through Foreign Aid as a Counter to the Spread of Radical Islam, Necessary for Conservation in Sahelian Countries
In the case of the Sahelian countries like Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Chad and the Central African Republic where wildlife populations are substantial, as well as Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal where wildlife is on the decline, and to a lesser degree in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique, a key foreign policy issue that people interested in African conservation must pursue is to pressure the U.S. State Department to tell the Saudis/Gulf States -no more sending Wahhabi/Salafi Imams/Marabouts to teach Radical Islam in Africa, and no more sending youth from Africa to madrassas in these countries to be radicalized [11,12].
These youth/Talibs must be educated in Africa and have opportunities to advance economically, and then radicalism -linked to poverty and hopelessness and taken advantage of by the Wahhabi/Salafi sts -will disappear/diminish. Poverty, rampant corruption, social exclusion, political instability and lack of access to basic services (education and healthcare) have contributed to increasing radicalization of youth in Sub-Saharan Africa [13,14].
Without calm, trying to manage wildlife in these Sahelian/ Saharan countries will be virtually impossible. People in Africa must make it very clear, especially to the U.S. and French decisionmakers that there is no long-term military solution to Radical Islam, as they are currently undertaking in the Sahel [1]. The only solutions in the long-term are socio-economic; that is education and economic development!! The problem will not be solved from the Barrel of a Gun!!!

Education as a counter to poaching
With regards to poaching, as noted bushmeat supplies an important source of protein to rural Africans in both savanna and forest biomes, but needs to be managed sustainably,      [18]. Such manipulations help the West obtain cheap natural resources, while making products imported into the Developing World more expensive. The devaluation of the CFA at 100/1 has had a devastating impact on wildlife in many countries (e.g., Cameroon), people turning to poaching as other segments of the economy collapsed [1]. These kinds of manipulations of African economies by the West, adversely impact upon wildlife, the people and their economies. In recent days there has been some talk of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) consisting of Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo going from the West African CFA to a new currency, the Eco, with France no longer holding the foreign reserves in the French Treasury and withdrawal of French governance related to the currency [19].
The funding of environmental assessments of dams through foreign aid by Western donors have been disastrous [1,20] or potentially disastrous [1,21] for both natural systems and associated wildlife, along with traditional agricultural production systems. This should not be allowed to happen.
The author doesn't claim to have all the answers, but he can see many shortcomings. He can only encourage people   ] to stop manipulating Africa's economies and politics to their advantage and start helping Africa on to a valid road to development. China is coming in and if allowed will likely do the same, but the author has the impression that they are outcompeting the Yanks and Europeans -putting in infrastructure and undertaking some transformation of raw natural resources in Africa. Also, as noted, we don't need to be militarizing Africa. That won't be necessary if Africa evolves economically and there is a large middleclass. Then both the people and the wildlife will have a future.
If foreign aid is not reformed so actual economic development results in a more urbanized middleclass, as a means of taking pressure off rural areas and Africa's wildlife/ habitat, not only will Africa suffer, but Europe will see a fl ood of poverty coming out of Africa that could also overwhelm Europe.
Though not specifi cally about Africa, the racist book The Camp that provides some economic benefi ts to rural communities, due to capture of net profi ts by other stakeholders (e.g., governments and safari operators) and due to the low resource to population ratio, benefi ts tend to be insignifi cant at the household level, community income tending to be used for common property benefi ts (e.g., schools, clinics, boreholes, etc.). While these benefi ts are important, due to the expected more than doubling of the human population in the next 50 years, with the majority stuck in poverty/subsistence lifestyles, unless there are drastic changes, the future of Africa's revered mega-fauna and its habitat are in jeopardy. This policy document is based upon the author's personal experiences over a 30-year period, advising African governments, USAID, the safari industry and academia. It attempts to illustrate key conservation and development issues both in words and unique photographs. It demonstrates that there is a crying need for reform of foreign aid, with a major emphasis on education from primary through tertiary education, in Africa, by Africans to train youth in all disciplines, but in the case of conservation with an emphasis on training in wildlife/natural resource management that links generational traditional knowledge with Western concepts of wildlife/habitat management adapted to Africa by Africans in African universities. This will help stem the brain drain, integrate traditional natural resource users into the management of "THEIR" natural resources, and can even be used to help prevent impoverished youth from being recruited into Radical Islam. This emphasis on education should be combined with clean water, early childhood health care critical for cognitive abilities, and helping increase Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to transform more of Africa incredible wealth of natural resources in Africa. The investment of foreign aid in these activities will help create an urban middleclass, decrease family size and decrease pressure of surviving off the ever-decreasing wildlife, forests, fi sheries and related habitats.
If this path is followed, Africa, African and "THEIR" wildlife will have a bright future, Inshallah!