Worldwide remerging of SARS CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) linked with COVID-19: current status and prospects

A novel coronavirus virus (2019-nCov) emerged in China in December 2019, which posed an International Public Health Emergency in a couple of weeks, and very recently entered World Health Organization (WHO) status as a very high-risk group. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) called this virus the Extreme Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease is known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 caused nearly 1,913,391 individuals, out of a total of around 88,861,041 confi rmed cases affected by this infection until January 8, 2021. This edition offers a brief overview of the most outstanding features and information about the emerging coronavirus infection, the present worldwide scenario and mechanism of illness, replication and dissemination, as well as ongoing progress in the control and management of this disease, which has now spread to more than 100 countries around the world. Note that researchers worldwide and various health agencies are all working together to stop the spread of this virus and avoid any possible pandemic situation that would otherwise endanger millions of people’s lives. Review Article Worldwide remerging of SARS CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) linked with COVID-19: current status and prospects Zeshan Haider1*, Maria Javed1 and Numan Yousaf2 1Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Bioinformatics, Comsats University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan Received: 25 January, 2021 Accepted: 08 March, 2021 Published: 10 March, 2021 *Corresponding author: Zeshan Haider, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Faisalabad, Pakistan, E-mail:


Introduction
The new novel virus is known as the 2019 coronavirus. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICT V) called it the SARS-CoV-2 virus on February 11, 2020, because it is the highest genome similarity to the SARS CoV [1]. In 1966, they cultivated the coronavirus fi rst described by Tyrell and Bynoe from patients with common colds. The cultivated virus is named a coronavirus (Latin: corona = crown) due to resembles a solar corona, morphology on the outer shell as spikes of surface projection [2]. SARS CoV-2 belong to the Coronaviridae family composed of four types: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The novel coronavirus is a positive, unsegmented, and enveloped singlestranded RNA virus. That not only infects humans but also affects a wide range of animals such as camels, bats, avians, rodents, and chiropters [3].
A coronavirus is the cause of neurological and acute respiratory syndrome disorders. Previously, various coronavirus strains, i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, have found that infect humans [4]. The length of the entire Genome of SARS CoV-2 is 29881 bp. SARS CoV-2 belongs to the beta coronavirus, infects the human respiratory tract and causes pneumonia similar to MERS and SARS [5]. CoVs continue to undergo recombination and mutation due to their unique replication mechanism, allowing them to continually acclimatize into new hosts and ecological locations [6,7]. The birds and animals served as the including CoVs, can bring several pathogens into the country [6,8]. The lessons learned from these earlier threats to SARS, Citation: Haider  MERS and existing SARS CoV-2 situations need to be taken into account when formulating strategies to combat these and other emerging and zoonotic pathogens that could pose pandemic threats, thus placing human lives at risk [9]. In this review,   we compile the current COVID-19 research insights focusing   on enhanced surveillance, current situation and control and  precaution of the deadly infections in different countries worldwide. the epidemic results were about 919 deaths with reported cases of 8,096 and spread across many continents. The incubation period of SARS-Co-V was back, 4 to 7 days, and viral load peak appeared on the 10 th day of disease [13,14]. Five additional cases of SARS originating from zoonotic transmission occurred in December 2003-January 2004. However, later on, it is shown that a particular SARS-Co-V-like virus found in bats infected human cells without prior adaptation, which indicates that SARS could reemerge [15]. Infected patients' symptoms included malaise, chills, headache, fever, and late cough or respiratory distress that increased macrophages, epithelial cell proliferation, and diffuse alveolar damage also occurred in SARS patients [16]. After that, mechanical ventilation and intensive care will require approximately 20-30 percent of patients. Cytokine storm caused damage to other organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and liver, that can be lethal, especially in patients with immunocompromises. The economy is also negatively affected by SARS, with reduced international travel and domestic demands and an estimated global economic loss of $40 billion [17]. Consequently, the SARS coronavirus outbreak was controlled by prevention in 2003. The virus has not returned since a human coronavirus emerged in 2012 as MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.

History and emerging of coronavirus
MERS-CoV was fi rst identifi ed in 2012 from the lungs of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is used as a receptor by MERS-Co-V [18]. Several cases of severe respiratory diseases occurred in 2012 and were reported in Jordan hospital, and three patients also registered in September 2012. According to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, this epidemic encourages concern in 2014 that the epidemic has been weakened and was more capable of human to human transmission, a fatality rate of approximately 40 percent with 855 cases and 333 deaths. In  [19,20].

The novel coronavirus SARS Cov-2
The SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, spherical type, singlestranded plus RNA virus. The virus has peplomers made up of glycoprotein projected over the envelope in a crown-like manner (hence called the corona). These spike proteins bind with receptors present in animal and human bodies [21,22].
Changes in receptor binding ligands at the spikes level are responsible for zoonotic spillover and barrier crossing of the species. The high genomic similarities suggest that SARS-CoV-2, which produces COVID-19 in humans, originates from bats as bats function as a natural ancestral host [23,24]. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and cryoelectron microscopic images of the SARS-CoV-2 structure confi rmed the change in spike glycoprotein of SARS coronavirus-2 ( Figure 2) [25]. Genomic studies showed that only fi ve nucleotides differed between SARS coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 and stressed that 2019-nCoV emerged from SARS CoV [26].

Worldwide occurrence of SARS Cov-2
After its initial appearance in Wuhan, China, this recent emerging Co-V was included in the International Emergency Category of Public Health on January 30, 2020 [27,28]. In

Sign and symptoms of COVID-19 patients
The symptoms of COVID-19 infection follow an incubation period of ~5.2 days [27]. The duration of signs of infection with diseases to death ranged from 6 to 41 days with a mean of 14 days, and this duration depends on the patient's immune system and age. The infection rate is> 70 years of age relative to 70 years of age [6]. Initial symptoms of COVID-19 include dry cough, muscle ache, headache, chest pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, rhinorrhea, sore throat, dizziness, and shortness of breath [32]. Many patients developed hypoxemia and dyspnea one week later from the disease infection. In contrast, patients in extreme cases continued developing acute respiratory syndrome, metabolic acidosis, septic shock and coagulopathy.
Patients suffering from acute fever or respiratory symptoms are screened for early diagnosis of virus attack. The study report taken at the end of December 2019 shows the percentage  of coronavirus symptoms with 76% dry cough, 3% diarrhea, 55% dyspnea, 98% fever, and 8% of patients with ventilation support [33,34]. A 2012 study showed that patients suffering from MERS-CoV diseases also had the same symptoms as COVID-19 included fever 98%, dyspnea 55%, dry cough 47% and 80% required for ventilation support [35]. Guan, et al. reported 1099 cases of infection with CoV-2019. They found the most common symptoms to be 67.7 percent cough and 87.9 percent fever, while 5.0 percent vomiting and 3.7 percent diarrhea are rare. The chest CT image of the SARS-Cov-2 infected patients shows 96 percent abnormalities and 82.1 percent lymphopenia [32].

Diagnosis the victims of COVID-19
Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 is widely preferred for molecular tools [36]. Serological testing at the height of the outbreak is of little use, though serum samples of recovered patients could be taken to know the IgG titer. In severely infected patients, Computed Tomography (CT) and X-Ray techniques can help observe pulmonary pneumonia lesions in the lungs in correlation with clinical symptoms to show the COVID-19 picture [37]. The detection of Viral Nucleic Acid (VNA) is essential for diagnosing exposed but asymptomatic carriers. It is possible to detect the viral RNA using a pharyngeal swab to avoid transmission and spread risk [5]. Most popularly, RT-PCR (RRT-qPCR) is performed in real-time over respiratory secretions to identify viral RNA within a short time [38].

Researchers have developed a diagnostic technique for rapidly detecting COVID-19 by Reverse Transcriptional Loop-Mediated
Isothermal Amplifi cation (RT-LAMP). This isothermal COVID-19 detection method based on LAMP, referred to as iLACO. In this technique, six primers are used to amplify a fragment of the ORF1ab gene, and phenol red is used as a pH indicator when the amplifi cation changes colour from pink to light yellow. At the same time, it remains rosy in negative cases [39]. Also, multiple reference laboratories are advancing sequencing of the complete genome from the RRT-PCR's positive isolates.

Treatments against SARS-Cov-2 infection
Besides, the lipid solvent can effectively inactivate these viruses. Except for chlorhexidine, the solvent includes ethanol, ether (75%), peroxyacetic acid, chlorine-containing disinfectant and chloroform. Based on previous experience in combating the SARS-CoV and MARS-CoV epidemic, we learn some treatment strategies against coronavirus. Antiviral therapy is widely used in clinical practice [40]. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is an analogue prodrug of 1′cyano-substituted adenosine nucleotide, and it displays intense antiviral activity against the RNA virus. The fi rst COVID-19 cases in the US were treated successfully with remdesivir drug [41]. Chloroquine has been used for treating malaria for many years. Many mechanisms have been investigated: in several viruses, chloroquine can inhibit the pH-dependent replication steps with a potent effect on SARS-CoV's spread and infection [42]. Doctors recently isolated COVID-19 blood plasma from recovered patients in Shanghai and injected it into an infected person, who later showed positive results with rapid recovery within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced viral loads, infl ammation and improved blood oxygen saturation [44].
They extracted a monoclonal antibody (CR3022), which binds on RBD spikes with SARS-CoV. It has potential for COVID-19 treatment by combination or itself [44,45]. But in addition to its advantages, it has disadvantages because antibodies can fi ght against any invading pathogen to over-stimulate the cytokine release syndrome that is potentially life-threatening toxicity [46]. Nonetheless, several drugs are under study, including other antiretrovirals, such as remdesivir, antivirals such as oseltamivir and other therapies, including chloroquine and even indomethacin. Researchers are making great efforts to design and produce effective COVID-19 vaccines, which could take some time [48,49]. In this context, effective management of COVID-19 pneumonia by active prevention and scientifi c control is of utmost importance following the national and international guidelines developed [50].

Prevention and control of COVID-19
It is crucial to avoid the possibility of spark (originating at the new site) and spread (transmission between susceptible and infected). Both to prevent the transformation of the COVID-19 outbreak into a pandemic and, for this reason, intensive monitoring should determine the trend of emerging zoonotic epidemics [51,52]. The protection of individuals and the community must both be robust. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have issued instruction and COVID-19 containment strategies to be followed by ordinary people, clinicians, travellers and infected patients to prevent transmission to a healthy population [29,[53][54][55]. It is advisable to share awareness programs through social networking sites and platforms and follow intensive epidemiological surveillance to notify WHO of any new cases (symptomatic and asymptomatic) of COVID-19 [4,56]. Bat CoVs should screen epidemiologically globally to have a data sheet that will be a pathfi nder for newly emerging and reemerging zoonotic pathogens [57]. China, have implemented paramount prevention and screening to control the virus's future spread [60]. Besides all the one health approach, due attention is also needed to prevent and control this disease and other likely future epidemics [61]. all religious activities were cancelled to avoid gathering, wear a mask, and reduce public transport to <5% on February 7, 2020.

Complex emergencies of COVID-19: Impact, management, challenges and experience in zhuhai, china
From Hubei Province, the Zhuhai citizen who is returning was isolated for 14 days in hospitals. And patient whose body temperature was>37.3°C sent to the clinic for further examination. Two hospital wards are specifi cally reserved for emergency isolation. The cleaning staff's protective clothes have improved, pens, mobile phones, stethoscopes and spectacles were disinfected [59].

A lesson to be learned from china and by twain to control pandemic by all other countries
The China experience can be summed up in these points.
(1) strict isolation has taken. During the early phase of the epidemic, the government should take strong actions by locking down the infected areas, and the larger areas can be quarantine. outbreak, the Taiwan Province applied strategies within the 50 days that included human services, healthcare systems, inter-jurisdictional and intergovernmental funding and adequate funding to ensure response capacity and emergency preparedness [63]. In those countries where strict measures are not taken, they are still affected by the epidemic because of not wearing masks, social distancing, and unhygienic conditions.

Conclusions and future prospects
Wide-ranging scientists, researchers and numerous health agencies workdays and nights with a great deal of effort to stop further transmission and spread of SARS-CoV-2. They are implementing strict surveillance, intervention approaches, improved prevention and control policies, and combating COVID-19 by developing effective vaccines and therapies to prevent any pandemic situation that may arise. Although many aspects derived from the research still need to be developed, the case with many elements in certain age groups facing the COVID-19 pandemic is not clear in pediatrics year after year [64,65]. Lastly, one health approach would play an essential role in the future fi ght against COVID-19 and against such diseases. Prevention is not a silver bullet, but yes, the world needs global solutions to stop a pandemic or minimize it [66][67][68][69][70][71][72].

Funding
The anthology is a review article written, analyzed and conceived by its authors and did not require any signifi cant funding.

Author's contributions
All authors contributed substantially to the design, design, analysis, and interpretation of the data, checking and approving the fi nal version of the manuscript, and agreeing to be accountable for its content.

Disclosure statement
The Authors announce that there are no commercial or fi nancial relationships which could lead to a possible confl ict of interest in any way.