The cosmic vision of young Catholics on the sexuality interface and prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Methods: It is a qualitative study that used the Theory of Social Representations as a theoretical contribution for analysis and discussion, carried out with 84 practicing young Catholics, who responded to the inducing stimuli of the Free Speech Evocation Test and an open question for the interview in depth. The data were collected online, on facebook, with young participants of the World Youth Day. It was used for the analysis: Correspondence Factor and Lexical Content with the aid of softwares.


Introduction
The world-wide cosmology of people within religions is as much infl uenced by traditional and reactionary ideologies and values as by progressive scientifi c knowledge. However, in certain groups, such as those practicing Christian religions such as the Catholic faith, ideologies and doctrines contribute to reaffi rming practices and behaviors [1]. As a result of these factors, the Catholic religion has throughout the history of humanity and of the centuries, favored the formation of representations and meanings of social groups, with the intention of maintaining its doctrine intact, preserving its rites, characteristics and symbolism. When it comes to sexual behaviors of its faithful and forms of HIV prevention, the Catholic Church reaffi rms discourses about infection and safe sexual practices such as marriage and chastity, without considering that young people in it experience daily dilemmas about which discourse follow [2].
Thus, the discussions here are essential for the compression of the sexual behavior of young Catholics and the way they experience the dilemmas surrounding the discourses to follow, the reactionary/conservative coming from the Catholic Church or the progressive who defends free sex but with the protection favored by the condom. In addition, there is the possibility of this study in contributing to the critical development of health professionals, such as nurses, in the creation of educational practices in sexual health and in childcare, a program of care consistent with the reality of young people practicing Christian religions.
The procedural approach of the theory of social representations (TRS) was the guiding axis of the understanding of socially and unconsciously constructed meanings in the cognitive system [3]. In this way, the article addresses a discussion and refl ection of the mental contents that contribute to the representational formation of young Catholics, both in the perspective of maintaining the traditional preaches of the Catholic Church and of progressive ideas, renewing the worldview of the practices and behaviors of some faithful [4]. Thus, it is questioned: How are the meanings that young Catholics give about sexuality and HIV prevention, from the infl uence of the Catholic Church? The purpose of this study was to analyze the meanings attributed by young Catholics on the interface prevention to HIV and sexuality from the perspective of social representations.

Methods
A study with a qualitative approach that appropriated the TRS, in its procedural perspective, to analyze and discuss the data. The collection of information took place online on Facebook between February and March 2015, as young Catholics between the ages of 18 and 24, both men and women, and their variations in gender and sexuality, participants in the World Youth Day. In addition, they needed to have an account on the social network in question. It should be noted that study participants should be a member of a parish and attend meetings of groups connected to Catholic Charismatic Renewal (RCC) and Mass. There was no applicability of exclusion criteria.
The data were conformed with the help of three specifi c and essential collection techniques based on TRS: the free association of words applied with 84 young Catholics of facebook and an interview script in depth, with three guiding questions about the relationship sexuality and safe sex with an interface in HIV prevention. For this last technique of data collection, 19 participants agreed to contribute their answers.
Since the information is produced with a word-free recall, they were organized and processed in Tri-Deux Mots software version 2.2 and later analyzed with the aid of Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC), from the Factorial Map [5][6][7]. The speeches obtained with the in-depth interview were subjected to lexical content analysis, made possible by the software Alceste version 4.5, which issued the Class Dendogram for descending hierarchical analysis and the Lexical Correlation Map for Correspondence Factor Analysis by correlations [7].
The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Bahia, protocol number 878.042 / 2014. The Free Consent Form and Informado was sent online through the tools provided by Facebook, and after reading, young Catholics confi rmed their participation with the digital signature.
As for assiduous Masses and church group meetings, 73,8% reported that they attended church between 02 to 03 times a week and 26,2% between 04 and 05 times.
When we proceeded with the factorial matching analysis, according to the vizualization of the factorial map ( Figure 1), a distinction was made in the total number of terms evoked in the association with the stimuli, as is verifi ed in the percentage of correlations resulting from data processing by Tri-Deux Mots software, whose total was 63.5%, pointing out that the statistical parameters are reliable and satisfactory, since there was consistency in the evocations. For this study, the minimum frequency of 8 words was adopted, due to the variability of the semantic elements emitted by the participants. In total, there were 1637 words associated with the stimuli, 313 of which were different.
It is emphasized in Figure 01

Discussion
Confi rmation of the belonging group is verifi ed, since they share the same religion, and thus, infl uence the sharing of ideas and the adoption of similar behaviors, which allows the process of objectifi cation and anchoring, producing social representations [8][9]. The Catholic / young men and women of the study, have shaped meanings in their mental fi elds meaning about the sexuality HIV prevention interface, from the Catholic worldview, because they consider that free sex is considered a sin. This reveals a consensus among them, which is on the part of women and those who are in universities with access to higher education.
It is seen that the Catholic Church and its infl uential groups, like the CCR, allows within this established relationship of power with its faithful, Biopower or control over the bodies, to control by means of discourses, doctrines and prohibitive ideas the sexuality of young people inserted in it. They use the name of God to ameliorate them through dogmas that make sex sin and, when practiced, attract consequences [2,10].
There are, however, contrary ideologies to those propagated in Catholic discourses, such as the progressive ones revealed in the representations of these young people, when they consider that they can experience the Christian faith without adopting to the everyday some doctrines reverberated by the church [2].
The social representation of the exercise of sexuality for some Catholic men in this study are anchored in the idea of virginity and sex practiced only in marriages, as they reveal through the cognitive system, which are the most effi cient means of preventing infection caused by HIV. On the other hand, they disregard the importance of adherence to condom use and adopt in their speeches the representations of once, from the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, such as groups and risk behaviors.
In research developed with adolescents, it has been shown that they show that the perception of homosexuality, in its social context, is in line with the representations processed by young Catholics, since they mean that sex practiced among men is stigmatized by society, since they still associate the idea that this practice is responsible for virus infection [11]. These representations about AIDS in elements that contribute to the prejudice and marginalization of people, specifi cally men, who choose to experience sex freely, denoting the infl uence of the Christian, patriarchal and sexist, culturally incorporated in society [7,12].
Regarding the social representation that they revealed about fear, this can be associated with the stigma and marginalization provoked by the infection by the free sexual practice, besides the prejudice suffered in the groups that are inserted socially. Studies have shown that the feeling of fear is represented by the lack of awareness of the syndrome due to HIV or the information passed on erroneously about sexuality and the process of death and death experienced by those who did not survive [13] or the representation may be anchored in the diffi culty some women have to ask their sexual partners or partners to use condoms, leaving them unprotected for HIV [14].
A new representation has taken place in the mental fi elds of social groups, and was no different among part of the group of young Catholics, since there is evidence of the formation of representational meanings in other studies, with distinct populations, among which are adolescents, women and people in the process of aging [13,14]. Objectives such as homosexuality and prostitution were constant in the social representations of the people of the present study. There is evidence of such research objections that analyzed the elements that structure and give centrality to social representations about AIDS, where homosexuals and prostitutes were biased in association with groups that have behavior considered to be at risk [15]. This representation reinforces the diffuse and naturalized social construction still in the period of AIDS.
Young Catholics represented AIDS anchored in Africa, which was instigating and worrying, as it shows that religious groups still have in their memory the notion that the African continent was the place that favored the outbreak of the epidemic, there being inhabited by the most miserable and deprived of the planet, considered deviant of Christian dogmas, and as a result, are vulnerable to all kinds of diseases, such as the syndrome secondary to HIV [7]. Moreover, any sexual practice regarded as sinful by the Catholic Church is associated with poor and unknowing people, such as people living in one of the poorest places in the world. Among the practices, the following stand out: the zoophilia, or the sex between the human being and animals [7,16]. Thus, everything that escapes social and religious normality, in the view of groups of people, is socially stigmatized, as are the people who make up social minorities [17].
Thus, the way in which social representations are processed is obtained by the cognitive systems of objectifi cation and anchoring, specifi cally when the worldview is revealed that groups of people practicing a religion have on the interface between the exercise of sexuality and HIV prevention , from the social construction of sexuality and from the practical roles played by men and women in the context that experience their experiences [18]. Church focused on the control of human sexuality and the vigilance of chastity and marriage versus knowledge progressive and scientifi c approach to HIV prevention from the use of condoms. In the confi rmation of the duality in this interface, many of these participants presented concepts of guilt and sin at times that did not follow the doctrines instituted by the Catholic Church regarding sexual practices. Young people who had access to higher education (especially women) did not represent a sense of guilt in their sexual practices, since they objectifi ed the condom as an effective method to guarantee safe sex. It is noteworthy that men anchored their representational meanings in ideas that reinforce sexist biases and stereotypes espoused by Christian churches, such as Catholic, which detonate the infl uence of doctrine adoption of safe methods of HIV prevention. The social constructions of sexuality were evidenced in social representations, as it revealed that some participants reinforced gender inequalities. The study was limited by the low adherence of young people to data collection, since social networks provide numerous ways of recruiting participants.