The Future of Robots in a Super-Aged Society

It is estimated that the world population aged 65+ will triple from 6.9% to 20% by 2050 [1]. Across the world, different countries are at various stages in this super-ageing journey. Japan is the most rapidly ageing society with 28.2% now in this age group; in contrast, emerging economies such as India have some of the world’s youngest populations (6.1% aged 65+) [2]. The creation of super-aged societies will be without parallel in human history. While people may be living longer, it is also important to consider their Quality of Life (QoL), whether these additional years are ‘healthy life years’ [3]. Looking into the future, China is the country faced with the largest challenge in the next 30 years with a growth in older citizens to 26% of the population (366 million by 2050) [4]. An additional challenge associated with super-ageing is the group of increasingly frail older population (aged 85+) which is currently the fastest growing population world-wide; in the UK this is predicted to double in size by 2041 and treble by 2066 [5].

associated with super-ageing is the group of increasingly frail older population (aged 85+) which is currently the fastest growing population world-wide; in the UK this is predicted to double in size by 2041 and treble by 2066 [5].
Policy makers consider that the challenges of a superageing population can partly be addressed through a policy of empowering senior citizens to continue living independently through use of assistive technology or 'ageing in place' [6]. But once frail older people need 24/7 care, they need to move into some form of Long-Term Care (LTC) facility. These facilities need to be staffed, and a super-ageing society is inevitably faced with the additional challenge of fewer young people to enter this workforce. World-wide, the ratio of people aged 20-64 years to those aged 65+ is expected to halve by 2050 [1].
This problem can partly be addressed through informal carers.
For older people wishing to continue to live independently at home, family members can act as unpaid informal carers, often while living some distance from their elderly relative and in paid employment. Currently, up to one quarter of older UK workers have caring responsibilities [7]. But in a LTC facility, even if assistive technologies are introduced, a committed and professionally trained workforce will still be required [8].
A major test for super-ageing societies will be whether care robots can be developed to help to address labour shortages both in domiciliary care and LTC facilities, and also to address professional skills shortages in LTC. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered more rapid introduction of many new health technologies world-wide [9]. However, several important questions for any robotic solutions will be: are they commercially viable for the manufacturers and service provider, are they affordable for users, and can they maintain older people's QoL?

Current technology landscape
Various products currently exist to support older people in their own homes, although there is evidence of limited mass-market adoption by older adults living at home [10] and a poor fi t between people's daily lives and the technologies produced [11,12]. One reason may be insuffi cient involvement of older people in the design of these technologies [13]. Also, for ambient monitoring technologies, family carers will need to respond to alerts and should be involved in co-design for effective operation [14]. As an example, technology to support informal carers of people with dementia is reported to still require signifi cant development [15]. A very recent report, published in 2020, also concludes that digital solutions alone have limited value, and use of robotic technology must now be considered to support caregivers [16]. could improve organisational effi ciency, quality of care and resident wellbeing [17]. Even so, use of such innovations is signifi cantly under-developed in this sector, with cost, ease of use, and staff requirements identifi ed as key barriers [18]. In addition, as ageing increases pressure on clinical staff, skillmix and training innovations are emerging in LTC world-wide.
In Japan, there has been a move from medical and nursing staff as main providers of care to allowing care workers to undertake some clinical activities [19]. In the UK, because most LTC facilities have no on-site nursing, in-reach nursing models have been trialled [20] together with digital technology to enable medications to be administered by non-clinical staff [21]. In future, strategic investment in new technology, plus improved ways of professional working will be needed to address staff shortages and maintain the quality of care in LTC.

Remote sensors and safety devices, combined with
Artifi cial Intelligence (AI), can be particularly useful for mobility recording and falls prevention/detection. Motion capture and wearable tracking technologies can provide older people with security while at home, and the freedom to move outside their home, especially if they have a condition such as dementia. Advances such as the 'Internet of Things' (IoT) and 'smart homes' can also provide information and alerts, relieving pressure on caregivers while supporting their caring work. Improved administrative systems, supported by AI and integrated care records, could help care staff to be more effi cient, allowing more time for direct contact with older people and for care related tasks to be completed.

A Living lab approach
Although the evidence clearly demonstrates considerable potential for robot innovations to improve care, it appears that technology uptake has been limited to date. Historically, low rates of adoption have been linked to poor interface design, and issues of privacy and trust [22] as well as economic and training barriers [23]. One legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic is that healthcare providers worldwide have started to adopt new technology more rapidly, but the same effect is not evident in care homes [9]. Therefore, in order to address the challenges in the care sector, a new business model may be required in which companies can develop a series of new products (prototypes) for users to try, or see them in use, without committing to permanence following introduction.  [24]. Two registered systematic literature reviews are currently underway on the use of living labs in healthcare [25] and in the care of older people and individuals of all ages with learning disabilitie [26].

The future robot care ecosystem
In this section, we consider the future of robots in a superaged society. Typically, a personal robot assistant consists of sensors (input device), processing (intelligence & control) and operations (output device) which enable it to undertake minor, repetitive care tasks [27]. Recent evaluations of commercial robots for this population point out challenges such as purchase cost; maintenance cost; diffi culty in use; and safety concerns. However, it is interesting to see that LTC appears to be a 'forgotten sector' [28]. In a recent systematic review of research into how robotic technology can help older people, although 8,425 articles were identifi ed among the studies fi nally included in the review none were undertaken in a LTC residential home and only one reported robot technology use in a nursing home [29]. Furthermore, a large-scale, nationallyfun ded UK review which presented the evidence on innovation to enhance health in care homes (published a year later) failed to reference the fi rst review and only included one study of robots in care homes (zoomorphic Paro) [18] This 'case example' demonstrates the need for trans-disciplinary, joined up working.
Older people will go through three stages as they age, (1) a time when they can live in good health and independence, (2) when they need some assistance in their daily life, while still being independent, and (3) when they eventually need fulltime support due to the complexity of their clinical and social care requirements. The ideal is to enable someone to live well, and in their own preferred way, during all three stages. Each stage has its own needs, and it is important to respond to these changing needs in order to develop the whole market. Robot use in stage (3) should also aim to improve the work environment of care staff as well as the lives of older people [8].
Standalone single task robots, or expert robots, provide special skills and support for activities such as: transfer and movement; toileting (excretion); watching over (observation); bathing; dressing; meals; oral care; medication; dementia/ cognitive therapies; functional training/physical activity; and communication. This form of robot will inevitably undergo incremental improvements in order to reach a commercially viable product with satisfi ed users, just like other consumer products e.g. cars, microwave ovens and washing machines.
However, more complex, multi-tasking autonomous robots such as nurse robots that involve communications, adaptions, decisions with sympathetic mind and common sense in some degree, will progress in a different manner. This is because these will be infl uenced by other rapidly and concurrently evolving technologies such as 5G telecommunications, IoT, sensors, natural language processing, AI and big data from care and health records. Safety and ethical dimensions are another diffi cult area here.
To date, companies appear not to have been able to fully grasp the needs and issues of the super-ageing population, but more recently, several consortia have been created for futureoriented innovation activities involving various companies from different business types, local residents, and governments Citation: Szczepura  to learn from the actual conditions of older people and utilize them in product development [30]. The nature of innovation is changing from a technology push to discovery of values from society and customers, and to design activities. Thus, users will be an integral part of the innovation process. The Living Government policy and the economy; interest rates, pricing and investment; product endorsement, and press coverage. We suggest that one approach to addressing these for domiciliary robots will be to run an international technology road-mapping workshop focusing on mid-term futures, say 15 years ahead.
This may be the number of years before we have a satisfactory robot which can perform a reasonable number of tasks reliably.

Conclusions and Future direction
Care for older people in a super-aging society is a large, complex, and trans-disciplinary problem. Care assistive robots are indispensable as one of the key technologies for addressing the challenges faced by super-aging societies. However, robot manufacturers have yet to provide products that meet the needs and preferences of users, except for cases where the functions are clear. In terms of users, in many care facilities staff are insuffi ciently trained to handle care robots and this training need still has to be addressed. Also, manufacturers cannot be expected to keep investing large amounts of resources in fi elds where the market is unclear.
It is important in future to gradually improve and evaluate required functions, user preferences and design requirements through trans-disciplinary consortia of engineers, local governments, companies, care facilities staff and older people (including the frail older population). Such consortia will need to develop new business models to support an industry like 'care robotics' which involves many SMEs. To that end, new approaches for care innovation such as The Living Labs and Open Innovation 2.0 which have already begun to be implemented in Europe and the United States should be encouraged. Also, since future robots in other sectors will be connected to outside AI and big data, it is necessary to now start to build an ICT care platform that links physical space with cyberspace for health and medical care. In this context, a new framework of 'Care Science' is currently being advocated at the national level in Japan, without historical disciplinary barriers and fusing together organizations and specialties to meet the future challenges of a super-aged society. It will be interesting to see how other countries address this challenge.