“Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interview (PICI-1)”: Psychodiagnostic evidence and clinical profiles in relation to the MMPI-II

The present research is aimed at detecting the psychodiagnostic evidence of the “Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interview” (PICI-1) [1] in relation to the results obtained using the standardized test called “Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory” (MMPI-II), in the light of the conclusions found in the drafting of PICI-1 as follows: <<Finally, the work concludes with the listing of the new psychopathological personality disorders classes [...] and with the listing, for each class, of the nine dysfunctional personality traits, according to four areas of domain (neurotic, latent, psychotic, mixed or residual), also Abstract

leaving room for the psychopathological conditions common to all twenty-seven personality disorders and any medical and socio-environmental conditions relevant to the diagnosis. This research work aims to lay the foundations for a structured investigation aimed at supporting the approval of the suggested model (more adherent and compatible with the best defi nition of "personality"). In the light of the integrative psychodynamic model and the fi rst model of psychodiagnostic investigation, the present work has focused on the revision of these models (with the separation for patients under twelve years of age and those above this threshold), to refi ne these useful and functional tools to help the therapist in the clinical diagnosis, essential in a clinical interview and anamnestic study (personal and family), achieving the goal set at the beginning of the project: to reorganize the diagnostic profi les of psychopathologies based on nosographic and functional knowledge, integrating them, to achieve a better awareness of the knowledge shared until now by the scientifi c community on psychodiagnostic.
In particular, based on a sample of one hundred units for adolescents, one hundred units for adults and one hundred units for children, in compliance with the self-imposed rules indicated in the previous paragraphs, the proposed and revised model (PICI-1) is compatible with the current more widespread psychodiagnostic systems (mentioned in the research) and is even more detailed than the MMPI-II, as it focuses more on personality traits to provide a broader overview, necessary to build a personalized psychotherapeutic plan targeted and adapted to the patient, taking into account both nosographic and psychodynamic profi les and functional, cognitive and strategic ones. From a parallelism with the diagnoses made based on MMPI-II, the diagnoses obtained using PICI models are identical and more useful in practice (in psychotherapy); precisely for this reason, the proposed interviews do not need results about the validity and reliability of the instruments, as they adhere perfectly to the results of the MMPI-II and the nosography of the DSM-V (integrated with the psychodynamic profi les of the PDM-II), with specifi c variants that do not change the diagnosis at all but enrich it with technical details useful in psychotherapy. Again along the same lines, the limits only concern the descriptive content of the individual traits specifi c to each psychopathological disorder, which could be more enriched and varied in the future. However, it should be borne in mind that by modifying the basic theoretical paradigm (the psychodynamic model), even the structure at the basis of the psychodiagnostic model cannot be compared with the current models in use; therefore, the basic idea is that of a clinical interview administered directly by the therapist, who before that moment proceeded to the clinical evaluation based on anamnestic and documentary evidence, with the testimonial evidence of the closest family members. On this basis, the implant appears to be solid and robust and functional to the set goal [2]. This research has been structured according to the following phases: 1. "Clinical interview" on the basis of a previous certifi ed psychopathological diagnosis, to ascertain the persistence of the symptomatology suffered.
2. Marking of the answers, by the examiner, of the clinical interview "PICI-1" on the basis of the symptoms declared during the clinical interview.
3. Processing of the result after the completion of the second point. 4. Administration of the "MMPI-II test", taking care that it has not already been administered in a previous time period of at least six months.
5. Processing of the result following the completion of the fourth point.
6. Comparison between the results of the "PICI-1" and the " MMPI-II test".
The method applied is therefore the administration of the "PICI-1" and the "MMPI-II test", following a clinical interview, in order to better defi ne the psychopathological profi le of the interviewee and compare the results obtained to detect any psychodiagnostic criticalities in the "PICI-1".

Introduction and background
Giving an unambiguous defi nition of "personality" is very complicated. The term, as we know it today, has been established since the 1930s, particularly in the United States, by scholars including Allport and Murray, who raised the issue. Previously, to indicate similar concepts it was preferred to refer to "character" (which, however, implied a greater emphasis on moral and social characteristics) or "temperament" (which in turn implied a greater emphasis on the relationship between psychological and biological characteristics). With this new term "personality" we wanted to particularly emphasize the passage from a nomothetic psychology (aimed at studying general laws valid for all men) to an idiographic psychology (aimed at studying the individual and the causes that make each different from the others). The diffi culties related to a general defi nition of personality are more than legitimate, as it is diffi cult to frame in a structured and unifi ed way all the theories of personality that have been proposed so far [3].

1.
Hippocrates' historical or biological theory, which defi nes four "personal types", based on the basic mood present in the body (melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic and sanguine), while Cicero defi nes it as the appearance and dignity of a human being or that part that is played in life. These concepts will then be taken up by Pavlov in his refl exological and behavioral theorization and by Sheldon with the intent to identify the links between biological and behavioral structures (starting from the soft, solid, or fragile physical constitution).

2.
Dynamic theory of S. Freud. Sigmund Freud's theory of personality has undergone variations as it progressed in its theoretical development. According to Freud, the human personality is the product of the struggle between destructive impulses and the pursuit of pleasure. Without setting social limits aside as a regulatory authority. The construction of the personality is therefore a product: the result of the way that each person uses to manage their internal confl icts and demands from outside. The personality will indicate how each person acts socially and how they deal with their confl icts: internal and external.

3.
Jung's analytical theory. Jung sees in the personality of the individual the product and the synthesis of his ancestral history. He emphasizes the racial origins of man. Man was already born with many predispositions transmitted by his ancestors and these guide him in his conduct. Thus there is a collective and racially preformed personality that is modifi ed and elaborated by the experiences he receives.

4.
Eysenck's hierarchical theory. Eysenck was the fi rst to defi ne the personality of the individual according to a general concept, labeling it as the stable and lasting organization of a person's character, temperament, intellect, and physique; an organization that determines his full adaptation to the environment.

5.
Allport's trait theory. Resuming the concept of traits, Allport believed that each individual was a unique combination of "personality traits", and for this reason, it was impossible to identify two identical personalities. He hypothesized the fi rst division into common traits and personal traits: the former are those that can be identifi able for a group of people or category (e.g., boxers defi ned as "aggressive"); the latter are specifi c to each individual, and cannot be defi ned in a single word.

6.
Cloninger's neurobiological theory.  in this model, instead, attention will be paid exclusively to the "functions of the Ego", since physically the Ego and the Ex remain structurally unchanged. Therefore, three distinct relevant psychodiagnostic hypotheses can be verifi ed: 1) The functions of the Ego (Superego / Self) are hyperactive (Superego + / Self +). Their fi lter (Self) and energy depowering (Superego) functions are more intense and powerful than necessary and the functional mechanism of the Ego is "hyper-vigilant". The ES consequently experiences an energy depletion. In this hypothesis we witness the onset of psychopathological conditions classifi ed as neurotic (cluster A, according to the new classifi cation provided by the model) [14].
2) The functions of the ego (Superego / Self) are unstable (Superego + / Self -, or Superego -/ Self +). Their fi lter (Self) and energy depowering (Superego) functions are oriented towards an overall functional weakness of the Ego, which is therefore "fragile". As a result, the EX is more likely to let more enhanced energy fi lter at the conscious level. In this hypothesis we see the onset of psychopathological conditions classifi ed as borderline (or at the limit, cluster B, according to the new classifi cation provided by the model). 3) The functions of the ego (Superego / Self) are shattered (Superego -/ Self -). Their fi lter (Self) and energy depowering

Setting and participants
The The selected population sample is divided as follows:

Results
Once the population sample had been selected, which met the required requirements (age between 18

Conclusions, limits and possible confl icts of interest
The consider the result itself, and therefore its effectiveness, effi ciency and reliability.
2) PICI-1 consists of two clinical interviews, based on the age of the interviewed subject; however, the one referring to the child and pre-adolescent age cannot be used in relation to MMPI-II because the theoretical assumption, the reference model and the nosography used are different [18][19][20]. The present research work is therefore aimed at studying the reliability of PICI-1TA only (adolescents and adults).
3) PICI-1 is a psychodiagnostic tool used by the therapist to organise psychotherapy aimed at individual needs , as it identifi es individual dysfunctional personality traits, even if the diagnosis of DSM-V is based on the presence of specifi c clinically relevant symptoms; therefore, it is a tool that can be compiled and drafted only by the healthcare professional and not by the patient and only after a clinical interview aimed at diagnosis and therapy (which also includes a meeting with family members and direct subjects) [79,80].
As PICI-1 is a free psychodiagnostic tool, this research has no fi nancial backer and does not present any confl icts of interest.