Assessing Energy Consumption, Optical Distributions, and Carbon Contaminations using the Design-Builder Simulation Model (Case Study: A Sports Building, Mashhad, Iran)

Today, optimization and management of energy consumption are considered as one of the main necessities of operating various buildings. Given the decline in production sources of primary energy as well as the produced contaminations due to their consumption, attention toward such matter has doubled. One of the operational solutions to controlling energy consumption is to employ and utilize simulation approaches. In this study, a sports building complex including three separate halls in Mashhad was simulated using the Design-Builder model. The results of thermal simulations showed that parameters such as walls, glasses, and the roof involve almost the same amount of energy loss. Meanwhile, the energy loss due to external infi ltration exchanges of the building leads to the highest extent of energy loss, with a rate of 66.28 KBTU/h. Furthermore, at the end of the study, the relationship between the production of carbon dioxide contaminant and the electrical energy consumption for cooling was indicated and examined. Moreover, assessment and zoning were carried out on how optical distribution resulted from solar radiation takes place in the sports building.

very complex, and only using energy simulation models, all the interfering factors in the process can be investigated. To avoid major design defects, engineers need to evaluate the building's energy consumption in the early stages of the design process. Energy simulation programs help designers to make reliable predictions of building performance based on weather conditions and other infl uential parameters [5]. The other function of energy simulation models can be their comparative capability, in which the effectiveness of different active and inactive strategies to reduce energy consumption in terms of energy consumption and comfort can be compared, and more effective solutions could be selected [6]. Elahi Bakhsh et al.
(2007) evaluated the effi ciency of energy simulation models in the construction industry. In this study, the fi rst twenty simulation models were analyzed and reviewed, and then fi ve of these applied models were analyzed in more detail [7]. In another study, Horfer et al. (2006) compared traditional and intelligent energy management models of the building. In this study, the advantages of using a controller system compared to traditional controllers were fully described [8]. and explained the mechanism and function of intelligent management in buildings [10]. In another study, Fallahi (2012) designed smart home automation to optimize energy, cost and reduce pollution production using the BEMS system [11]. Nouri, et al. (2008) in a study, presented executive and managerial solutions to reduce electricity consumption in public buildings [12]. This research also intends to evaluate the changes of energy parameters, optical analysis, and carbon pollution in the case sample using the Design-Builder simulation model.

Case study
This research has been done to simulate a one-story building in Mashhad city and consists of three interconnected sports halls and its three-dimensional plan are shown in  Table 1.

The material specifi cation
Five types of material combinations for exterior walls, walls around the foundation, roof composition, interior partition walls, and building fl oor have been used to simulate the case study building. The details of these combinations are shown in Figure 2. The minimum of required fresh air (ft 3 .MinPerson -1 ) The upper limit of heating temperature (0 C ) The Lower limit of heating temperature (0 C ) The upper limit of Cooling temperature (0 C ) The lower limit of heating temperature    Tables 3 and 4.

Results and discussion
The heating system simulation results case study sports building are shown in Figures 3 and 4. It is determined in The energy parameter changes of the case study sports building in the 24-hour time series (for July 15) are shown in Figures 5 to 7. As shown in Figure 5, the maximum hourly temperature around the area of light bulbs, due to solar radiation and the temperature resulting from the operation of indoor activities occurs in hours 14 to 15. However, the humidity levels reach their maximum in hours 8-9, 13-14, and 19-20. Also, the trend of changes in the amount of fresh air entering due to the infi ltration of airfl ow and all ventilators in each 4-hour period follows the same rhythm. This amount of fresh air infl ow reaches its maximum in the intervals of 7.5-9, 12.5-14, and 18.5-20.
The fi rst and second parts of Figure 6 is well showed that a large part of the consumed energy loads in any building is a function of its cooling needs. Also, the amount of consumed latent energy by the building follows a consecutive pattern 24 hours a day. So that the amount of this latent energy reaches its maximum in the intervals of 7.5-9, 12.5-14, and 18.5-20. Figure 7 shows that the maximum heat load is emitted from      The production quantities of carbon dioxide pollution for the case study sports building in a year are also shown in Figure   9. Comparing and matching Figures 8 and 9 show that there is a direct relationship between electrical energy consumption and carbon pollution (CO 2 ) production.
In addition, the annual changes in temperature and annual humidity percentage are shown in Figure 10 and the changes in the number of energy exchanges resulting from infi ltration fl ows and fresh air exchanges (annual) are also shown in Figure 11.
In the fi nal part of the analysis, the distribution of incoming radiant light to the case study building is simulated and shown in Figure 12. Based on this fi gure, it was illustrated that in the peripheral areas of the building, required suffi cient light is met.

Conclusion
Due to the populcation increase on the one hand and       the energy resources decrease on the other hand, energy consumption management has received widespread attention.
To achieve this, many designers and building engineers sought to evaluate changes in effective parameters throughout the year using energy simulation systems. One of the practical tools in the fi eld of building energy simulation is the Design-Builder model. In the fi rst step, this study modeled a threepart sports building in the Mashhad. Then by defi ning and allocating practical parameters, consuming materials, lighting system, opening system, and