Covid-19 pandemic: all possible effective solutions to eradicate the problem. Cross-sectional analysis of clinical, socioeconomic, political and psychological profiles

The present work of analysis and research prepares, starting from the biological, clinical, socio-economic and political analysis, an effective intervention plan to eradicate the pandemic problem and its direct and indirect consequences. Passing through the analysis of the therapies and treatments suggested and recommended in case of Covid-19 symptomatology, it is then suggested an integrative clinical plan according to individual needs, to fi nally focus on the need for socio-economic-political intervention at the community and international level, with direct and immediate effectiveness, with the preparation of a single world currency valid for the pandemic period, a plan for total homestay functional to prevent the spread of infections and a common clinical protocol, suggesting greater attention to the hypothesis of biological therapy and convalescent plasma, waiting for a monoclonal therapy and/or pharmacological more aware and less negatively impacting on the right to individual health than the gene therapies/vaccines of which we do not know yet the medium and long term effects on human health. We analyze the individual critical issues related to vaccine/gene therapy that at the current state of the science: a) have effectiveness that is still lower than natural immunization and does not provide a lasting coverage over time, if not to the extent of 6-9 months to be repeated virtually annually like seasonal fl u vaccines; b) do not provide safe immunization over time concerning potential new reactivations and variants of the virus itself. It is no coincidence that we have seen new positivity in subjects already immunized or with the inoculation carried out; c) do not guarantee certain data concerning individual health, in the medium and long term, as well as we do not know the degree of toxicity of the same; d) does not exempt the citizen from the use of the disposable surgical mask, from the social distancing and the hygienic-sanitary rules provided. Based on the evidence found and waiting to fi nd out the fate of the use of convalescent plasma therapy and/or the effectiveness of monoclonal therapy, the most effective drug therapy appears to be the combination of dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, heparin (if the D-dimer is high) or salicylic acid (if the D-dimer is not high and there is a modest thrombotic risk), and azithromycin; desirable, if compatible with the clinical picture, the supplements of vitamins A, B (group), C, D and E, in addition to the use of prebiotic supplements, probiotics, omega 3-69, coenzyme q10, fl avonoids (such as quercetin), glucosamine and lactoferrin, from the earliest moments of the morbid condition, both in preventive and in management phase of the serious patient, in addition to the necessary oxygen therapy support if the clinical conditions require it. Systematic Review Covid-19 pandemic: all possible effective solutions to eradicate the problem. Cross-sectional analysis of clinical, socioeconomic, political and psychological profi les


Introduction
, also known as SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory disease, is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the virus called SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the Coronavirus family. The origin is still uncertain, but the most accepted hypothesis is that it is a new Coronavirus from an animal source (a zoonosis). Its ideal environment is at a temperature of 4°C and in confi ned spaces, with little air circulation and atmospheric circumstances particularly polluting. The virus is subject to continuous mutation, and at the current state of scientifi c information, it is not possible to determine whether its virulence will tend to decrease in a short time frame. Instead, it has been confi rmed that SARS-CoV-2 can enter the human cell through the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is more abundant in the alveolar type II cells of the lungs; in fact, the virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called peplomerin (the spinules that give it the characteristic shape of a sun crown) to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell: the density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue (not surprisingly, some studies focus on the activity of ACE2 to cause protective effects) [1].
The fi rst cases were recorded in China in the last two months of 2019 and currently has an apparent lethality rate of around 3% (May 2021), although the fi nal overall fi gure in the opinion of the writer is overestimated, as many deaths recorded as "Covid" did not take into account the distinction between "death event caused by Covid" and "independent death event in a patient also affected by Covid" [2,3].
The incubation period is about 5 days (4-7 days), with the 95th percentile of 12.5 days; for this reason, 14 days has been chosen as the quarantine or isolation period in case of suspected infection. It is currently agreed that contagion occurs via airborne route, most often through respiratory droplets, although recent studies also confi rm other routes, such as contact via body fl uids and oro-faecal (although recent studies have found that released SARS-CoV-2 viruses are rapidly inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract and appear to be excreted primarily in a non-infectious state) [1,4,5].

Symptomatological profi les
During the incubation period, the latent infectious state may in itself be suffi cient to infect, even if during that time there is not yet the appearance of symptoms, which may remain latent or fl u-like (paucisymptomatic form) in case of low positivity or asymptomatic clinical condition, such as fever, cough, headache, dyspnea, arthralgias, myalgias, asthenia, lung, heart and kidney, associated with cytokine storm and lymphopenia; antibodies in SARS-CoV have also been shown to be pathological by distorting macrophage responses, leading to fatal acute lung injury through severe hypercytokinemia. In addition, it has been noted that: neuropilin-1 potentiates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity suggesting the need for additional receptors to ACE-2 for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry; the high glycosylation profi le of SARS-CoV-2 would provide a glycan mask to reduce viral immunogenicity; the greater extent of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis compared with SARS-CoV can be explained by the role of furin in cleaving the viral spike protein once the virus is inside the infected cell. Overall, therefore, SARS-CoV-2 reduces adaptive immunity by causing ineffective viral clearance along with failure to temper innate immune responses; indeed, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 often lose antibody titers within weeks or months after recovery [9,10].  IgG against IFN-, IFN- and IFN type I were   found (this would suggest that inborn errors of type I IFN   immunity underlie COVID-19 pneumonia); yet, in another study, two alleles were identifi ed, among the seven altered HLA susceptibility alleles (mutated alleles that could represent markers of disease susceptibility [9][10][11][12][13]. The mechanism of correlation between positivity, severity, and Covid-19 infection is not yet fully understood: however, several studies would show that patients in group 0 and Rh-(negative) have lower risks of being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but there are no correlations regarding the severity of the clinical condition [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].

Clinical la boratory and instrumental investigation profi les
Since the beginning of the pandemic state, there have been several diagnostic protocols approved by the WHO (World Health Organization), all aimed at carrying out a real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test on biological samples (sputum and saliva), taken from the patient, with a result available in a few hours, or even through an antibody investigation (through the blood), waiting for the result of at least two non-consecutive samples but a few days apart (usually three, in case a negative result of the fi rst test) [26].
Therefore to date, the tools used to diagnose the positive or negative state of COVID-19 are: [26].  C, 1000 mg (twice a day, for a maximum of 3-7 days) if the febrile state is higher than 39° C, always taking care to report the symptoms, the values of body temperature, blood pressure and saturation to your doctor [27,28]. Until a few months ago, the integration of Vitamin D and low-dose dexamethasone was recommended, but currently, they are not recommended [27][28][29][30]. Currently, the best approach, other than vaccine therapy, despite the insistence of governments to adhere to the anticovid vaccination campaign as the only truly effective tool, involves one of the following 2 scenarios: 1) The use of corticosteroids (eg. betamethasone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone) [35] and antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine) [36], for patients in the early stages of infection and those hospitalized and on oxygen therapy, and combined with heparin only if the D-dimer is elevated [37] (otherwise an antiplatelet such as salicylic acid is suffi cient, also in terms of prevention) [38] and with adenosine by aerosol for severe patients with respiratory symptoms, to extinguish uncontrolled infl ammation [39]. To the ternary therapy of "hydroxychloroquine -dexamethasone -heparin / salicylic acid" it seems extremely useful to add also azithromycin [40], especially to anticipate infectious complications arising from Covid-19 (and the resulting cytokine storm), precisely in terms of prevention and clinical management of the patient, from the very fi rst symptoms. This general protocol should also, be supplemented (in an adjuvant mode) with intravenous vitamin C at 1000-1500 mg [41], vitamin D, at a dose of 500-1000 mg [42][43][44], to promote the timely reaction of the immune system, to be supplemented with vitamin K2 at a dose of 50-100 mcg) [97]. Lactoferrin in a dose of 300-1000 mg [45], to promote natural immunity and reduce serious complications, glucosamine in a dose of 500 mg to 1500 mg [46], to promote the anti-infl ammatory and reconstructive power of cartilage, glutathione in a dose of 400 mg to 800 mg [94][95][96], to promote a powerful antioxidant intervention, and quercitin in a dose of 500-1000 mg [46,47], as a fl avonoid, to inhibit viral duplication.
2) The use of "convalescent (or super-immune) plasma" Other hypotheses, however, were soon discarded or traced to mere research hypotheses or as a preventive measure, to favour a vaccine approach, as in the case of interferon and colchicine, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers [48], in response to complications arising after administration. The use of ivermectin [49,93], despite excellent results, has not yet been investigated in detail in published studies with representative population samples. Finally, the hypothesis of the use of ozone therapy for severe patients with complementary oxygenation is also poorly investigated [50].
In all of the above hypotheses, however, the following are always fundamental (always in the writer's opinion): 1) maintaining healthy eating and sports habits (balanced diet without excesses, prohibition of smoking and drugs, at least fi ve thousand steps per day and drinking about two litres of water per day), in addition to the health and social ones of spacing at least 2 meters (preferably two meters), the use of surgical masks / disposable gloves to cover nose and mouth (taking care not to touch the mucous membranes), surgical handwashing (according to the procedure that provides for the use of certain actions lasting about 45-60 seconds) and the use of alcohol-based and antibacterial gels to be used frequently in case of public exposure. Extremely useful is the exposure to the Sun, for the development of vitamin D, even if not to prevent the infectious disease [51][52][53].
2) in agreement with your doctor, and unless otherwise The purpose is to bring the infl ammatory state of the body, also due to the frequent intestinal dysbiosis detected, to a state of eubiosis and positive levelling of the general state.
The use of supplementary products should not be perceived as a substitute for drug therapy or medical prescriptions, but as complementary to a healthy and rigorous lifestyle, both in the preventive phase and during the management of active/ acute infection, and for the subsequent phases (so-called "long covid"); This attention is necessary for light of the criticality of adverse events, clinical reactions and adverse effects from the administration of vaccine therapy (from the most common as tremors, fever, widespread and localized pain especially in the arm that received the dose, drowsiness, generalized weakness, excessive sweating, breathing diffi culties, to those more serious as thrombotic events), which we will discuss below.
The data concerning pregnant women are not suffi cient to be able to issue a systematic and scientifi cally rigorous assessment Table 1.    3) In case of moderate or severe febrile persistence for more than 48h, supplement with Salicylic Acid, 500-1000 mg, 1/day, for 5 days.
3) In case of moderate or severe febrile persistence for more than 48h, supplement with Salicylic Acid, 500-1000 mg, 1/dìe, for 5 days. the cells to produce a protein similar to the one to which the immune response is to be induced (producing antibodies which, consequently, will be active against the virus). The task of mRNA is only to transport the instructions for the production of proteins from one part of the cell to another, which is why it is called "messenger". In this case, the RNA carries the instructions for the production of the protein used by the virus to attach itself to cells, the protein called Spike.
Thanks to vaccination, the body produces specifi c antibodies before coming into contact with the virus and immunizes itself against it. Of this type are the Pfi zer-BioNTech vaccine, Moderna and CureVac. cb) "DNA vaccine": The mechanism is similar to the RNA vaccine. In this case, a fragment of DNA synthesized in the laboratory is introduced, capable of inducing the cells to synthesize a protein similar to the one to which the immune response is to be induced. One of the fi rst vaccines of this type will be AstraZeneca, but studies have yet to be completed. cc) "Protein vaccine": Using the RNA sequence of the virus (in the laboratory), proteins or protein fragments of the viral capsid are synthesized. Consequently, by injecting them into the body combined with substances that enhance the immune response, the antibody response is induced by the individual. Of this type is the Novavax vaccine. cd) "Inactivated vaccine": It is obtained by killing the virus with chemicals, heat or radiation. The inactivated whole virus includes the entire virion that causes the disease, therefore it has different antigenic parts, which induce an immunological response against the pathogen in the host (vaccinated person). The inactivated whole virus has several advantages, including low manufacturing cost, safety, and does not involve genetic manipulation. This approach uses a technology that has been shown to work very well, vaccines against infl uenza and polio are produced with this methodology, but it requires specialized laboratory equipment and can have a relatively long production time than other methods. Of this type are the Sinovac vaccine and Sinopharm. ce) "Non-replicating viral vector vaccine": uses a safe virus such as adenovirus which is stable and non-replicating to carry genetic material or one or more antigens which thus induce a cell-mediated immunity as well as an immune response humoral. Vector vaccines are characterized by strong immunogenicity and safety. There are over 50 subtypes of human Adenovirus, including Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) which is a stable and non-replicating virus used in the development of various vaccines. However, pre-existing immunity against human Ad5 is widespread, hindering its use as a vector for vaccine development. Chimpanzee adenovirus (used for example in the case of the ChAdOx1 vaccine) represents an alternative to the human adenovirus vector due to its safety and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans. Of this type are the vaccine AstraZeneca, Gamaleya, Janssen introduced with the therapy, since it recognizes them as foreign agents, thus leading to the ineffectiveness of the treatment.
Compared to COVID, several studies are trying to prove their effectiveness but the problem lies in their high costs per dose (approximately $2,000 per dose) and duration between 1 and 3 months. Under discussion, we fi nd the following antibodies or associations of them: Bamlanivimab, Bamlanivimab-Etesevimab and Casirivimab-Imdevimab [57,58]. e) "Parvulan" [59]. Based on a study by Prof. Palmieri, and recently used in Brazil, the researcher suggests exploiting the antiviral activity of the bacterium C. Parvum, as prevention and therapy of Covid-19. Parvulan, as an antiviral immunostimulant (registered in Brazil), may be useful, although studies on representative population samples are lacking on this point.

Psychological and psychopathological profi les related to Covid-19
The writer, in research [1] published in February 2021, highlighted how the Covid-19 problem is not only health and medical but that it holistically concerns the whole person, massively interfering even on his psychological well-being. The data on a representative Italian sample reported three important criticalities: 1) the fi rst criticality linked to a little (if not absent, at least compared to the Italian territory), attention to the problem of mental health, with the aggravation of anxious symptoms, depressive and humoral, two, four and six months from the end of the hospitalization and positive infection [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], also taking into account the worsening of symptoms in personal and psychotic disorders, as well as the adolescent drama of isolation and abuse of the through the internet [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95]; 2) the second criticality linked to a direct correlation between psychiatric symptoms and intestinal dysbiosis, the subject of a subsequent publication nearing completion, capable of favouring and aggravating the precipitate of symptoms related to serotonin and dopamine; 3) the underestimation by the scientifi c community of the correlation between the Covid-19 Pandemic and the immunity of family ascendants up to the second generation obtained through the three main pandemics of the 20th century, and consequently an underestimation of the use of super immune serum/convalescent serum to replace a dubious gene therapy based on preparations (the so-called anticovid vaccines) whose medium and long-term effects are unknown, in terms of private and public health. These criticalities are still evident and increasingly emerging, also taking into account the continuous "lockdowns" to contain the spread of the virus; this solution is lacking or seriously insuffi cient, taking into account that the curves often have a trend contrary to the "all too optimistic" expectations of government consultants.
Critical issues, these, which could be solved by implementing the following solutions 3) concerning the third problem, preparing a series of researches aimed at correlating with statistical data obtained on relevant samples the immunity of family ascendants compared to previous pandemics (for genetic profi les) with convalescent serum, and its concrete use in replacements of gene therapies/ vaccines not yet suffi ciently tested in a medium-long period and therefore of dubious if not dangerous and harmful effi cacy. 2) an international social and economic policy which is proclaimed united and cohesive only in principles, but which in fact (and especially in economic and health matters) is profoundly individualistic and asynchronous concerning daily events;

Socio-economic and political profi les
3) an economic policy that blindly follows the rules that have self-imposed and that is leading to the collapse of the system and the impoverishment of those who were already in crisis for other reasons, affecting, even more, the middle-poor social class.
The solution, therefore, which appears drastic but necessary (for the writer) is exclusively one and is structured in three simultaneous actions. If this solution were put into practice, they could truly resolve the pandemic situation defi nitively Therefore, if vaccines, as biological preparations consisting of killed or attenuated microorganisms, or of some of their antigens, or of substances produced by microorganisms and made safe (such as tetanus toxoid resulting from the treatment of tetanus toxin) or, again, from proteins obtained with genetic engineering techniques, they are "safe" within the limits of their function, in the case of Covid-19 this certainty is not possessed even by the manufacturers themselves and therefore the inoculation represents in all respects a violation of the law constitutional to health that cannot be suffi ciently overcome by the state of necessity resulting from the pandemic situation. A different reconciliation of rights and needs, therefore, appears evident. Finally, the "green card" to return free to circulate would be issued only under the following conditions: a) healing demonstrated with at least 3 instrumental tests; b) state of negativity for at least 2 months and at least 3 instrumental tests.

Consideration s conclusions
Because of the foregoing, the writer recognizes the extraordinary need to suggest to political institutions to interact at the EU and international level, to prepare the suggested plan or other plans with the same purposes, to defi nitively eradicate the pandemic problem and ensure everyone citizens have their rights, constitutionally guaranteed by law and by the legal system, fi rst of all preserving the right to health, present and future, with an increased focus on pharmacological and integrative therapies, which have demonstrated greater stability, cost-effectiveness, and individual health and safety.