ISSN: 2692-4625
Annals of Antivirals and Antiretrovirals
Review Article       Open Access      Peer-Reviewed

A comprehensive overview of the pharmaceutical properties of Indian coastal sand dune flora: Emphasis on anti-virals

Saravanakumar Vigneshwar1, Arjun Kowsalya2, Sarah Jency John Kennedy3, Praveen Gopi3 and Dinakarkumar Yuvaraj3*

1The Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus–Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Brandenburg, 01968, Germany
2Anna University Tiruchirappalli, BIT CAMPUS, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
3Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600042, India
*Corresponding author: Dinakarkumar Yuvaraj, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600042, India, Tel: +919944099550; E-mail: yuvarajdinakarkumar@gmail.com
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-4157
doi: 10.17352/aaa.000016
Received: 20 January, 2023 | Accepted: 02 February, 2023 | Published: 03 February, 2023
Keywords: Viral infection; Antiviral activity; Coastal sand dunes; Anti-viral drugs; Sustainability

Cite this as

Vigneshwar S, Kowsalya A, John Kennedy SJ, Gopi P, Yuvaraj D (2023) A comprehensive overview of the pharmaceutical properties of Indian coastal sand dune flora: Emphasis on anti-virals. Ann Antivir Antiretrovir 7(1): 001-009. DOI: 10.17352/aaa.000016

Copyright

© 2023 Vigneshwar S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Viral infections have an essential function in both humans and other organisms. The persistent rise in viral diseases has made critical damage to human well-being. The present review indicates that viral diseases are been entangled in various cancer developments. Developing safe and effective antiviral medications remains a challenge. As a result, finding therapeutic targets that would interfere with the virus without affecting the host is hard-hitting. The use of natural substances rather than chemicals in the formulation of antiviral medications could significantly minimize the risk of side effects in patients. Coastal dune vegetation is a vital resource, which plays an imperative part in biodiversity. Coastal dunes have various utilizations in restorative and drug development. The drugs from marine are vitally been utilized as medicine due to their substantial antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Though Coastal dunes flora has numerous possessions their antiviral properties are rarely reported. Hence, in this report, we have compiled and highlighted the antiviral properties of 128 Indian coastal dune flora. This review may provide access to a profound understanding of coastal dunes’ vegetation resources and their usage in the production of antiviral and anticancer drugs. It may also help to preserve and cultivate these plants.

Introduction

The persistent emergence of some developing or reappearing viral diseases has made unadulterated damage to human well-being. The unique structure of the viral infections and their muddled life cycle made it extremely difficult to explore conclusive therapies against viral diseases. Viral infections are extremely minute toxins that are made of hereditary material within a protein covering, that destroys healthy cells. This can injure, harm, or alter the cells and cause illness to people [1]. Distinctive viral infections can influence numerous zones in the body, including the conceptive, skin, cerebrum, blood, breathing system, liver, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems [2]. For most popular viral diseases, medicines can just assist with manifestations while the immune system will battle off the viral infection. Antibiotic agents are not significant for viral diseases.

Several studies expose that viral infection is involved in numerous malignant growths such as cancer and tumor [2]. Viral infections cause regular colds, moles, and flu. They likewise cause extreme diseases including Influenza, Dengue, Zika virus, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Chikungunya, Hepatitis A (HSV), Hepatitis B (HSB), Hepatitis C (HCV), AIDS, Ebola, chickenpox, Human Immunodeficiency Infection (HIV) and COVID-19 [1]. Antiviral medications are available for treating some popular viral diseases. Immunizations and vaccines can assist with keeping from getting numerous viral illnesses.

Due to the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the entire world is going through a very difficult time. To address this dire situation, therapeutic agents and vaccines against this virus are urgently needed. National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India, helps with research readiness in the fight against this virus. Three research groups are working hard to develop plant-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and to investigate plant natural products that may be anti-viral in nature. The potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of the identified molecule/s is being investigated in collaboration with the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in New Delhi and the Regional Centre for Biotechnology in Faridabad, India (National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, 2020) [3]. Marine plants and animals have a wide range of natural compounds, which are essentially novel, conceptually revolutionary, and have pharmacological effects [1]. To substantiate the above, this study focuses on the popular anti-viral properties of vegetation on coastal sand dunes Figure 1.

Figure 1: A possible route of identification of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 (National Institute of Plant Genome research (NIPGR), New Delhi, 2020) [3].
Coastal sand dunes vegetation

Coastal sand dunes are naturally dynamic. A coastal sand dune is a slope of sand effort by wind activity and an expansion of the sea shore into the land. While a seashore is firmly connected to the ocean and constrained by waves and tides, the ridges are connected to the land and are constrained by winds [4]. Due to interoperability issues, mobility, substrate versatility, and physical cycles, the coastal sand dunes comprise a variety of microenvironments [1].

Coastal sand dunes serve as a home for certain essential plants and animals (rare and endangered species) [4]. Coastal flora and vegetation are related to resilience to the consistency and saltiness slope of residue, wind, marine vaporization, and the nearness of bitter water [5]. Coastal sand dunes provide fundamental biological system management as environments for local and imperiled species, a site that gives high travel industry esteem, groundwater revives zones, and properties from wave disintegration and tempest flooding [6]. Coastal sand dunes are substantially involved in various vegetation, fauna, and microorganisms [6].

Applications of coastal sand dunes vegetations

The sand dune flora is an extremely essential resource in the healing, therapeutic, and economic [7]. The medications acquired from the ocean have the chance of exploiting in medication since it has enormous antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities [8]. The applications of coastal sand dunes include nutrients, feed, manure, flooder, nourishment, drug, firm and social uses [7]. Coastal sand dunes have been accounted for to contain a greater assortment of horticultural, agronomical, industrial, pharmaceutical, and chemically significant microorganisms [6].

All the clinical plants of coastal sand dunes were administered intravenously with added substances, for example, oil (coconut, sesame, and castor), milk and milk merchandise (buttermilk and ghee), normal salt, jaggery and nectar or applied remotely as a mixture, decoction, glue, or powder [8]. The greater parts of the plants utilized in medications are either blended in with different fixings or single. Many of these species varieties are known to be utilized in different medicines, as for relieving Jaundice, headache cure, dental abscess, hepatitis, mumps, dermatitis, cut, sinus headache, recuperating wounds, throat contamination, loose bowels, tingles, skin maladies, fix migraine, stomach ulcer, tumor, ear-hurt, eye torment, diabetes, colds, asthma, chest infections, and pneumonia in general [8].

Coastal sand dunes have numerous uses in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. Coastal sand dunes vegetations have an assortment of applications in the field of medication and drug ventures, for instance, vegetations of coastal sand dunes can be utilized as moderating, hypocholesterolemic, anti-acne, harm preventive, antihepatotoxicity, nematicide, antihistaminic, against eczematic, against skin break out, antiarthritic, mitigating, threatening to coronary, antiandrogenic, flavor, hemolytic, spermatogenic, hypocholesterolemic, slightness genic insectifuge, anti-inflammatory, hostile to coronary, immunostimulant, chemo-preventive, pesticide, torment easing, hostile to diabetic, pain relieving, cell support, against dermatitic, antileukemic, antitumor, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, antiasthma, diuretic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor [9]. Coastal sand dunes have numerous properties or capacities, in spite of the fact that their antiviral properties are seldom referenced.

Antiviral activity and other therapeutic properties of coastal sand dunes vegetation (Table 1)
Table 1: Antiviral components of coastal sand dunes vegetation and their respective target viral diseases.
S. No. Plant species Components Viral diseases References
1 Abrus precatorius Abrasine, precision HSV-1 Bhatia, et al. 2013 [10]
2 Abutilon indicum β-sivtosterol DENV (Dengue Virus) Abdul Rahuman, et al. 2008 [11]
3 Acacia ampliceps Parthenolide, Sesquiterpene HCV Abdul Rahuman, et al. 2008 [11]
4 Acacia auriculiformis Flavonoids, tannins HSV-2, HCV Ahmed, et al. 2015 [12]
5 Acacia mellifera Saponins, flavonoids Hepatitis B Virus Chekuri, et al. 2020 [13]
6 Acalypha indica Excoecarianin, Loliolide (tannin) vesicular stomatitis (VSV), HSV-1 (herpes simplex type-1) Fenu,, et al. 2012 [4]
7 Acanthospermum hispidum Rhamnose, ribose, arabinose Pseudorabies virus (PRV), HSV-1, HSV-2, PRV, BHV-1 Chiranjibi, et al.2008 [14]
8 Acanthus ilicifolius L Baicalin (Flavonoid) NDV, DENV Hemanta, et al. 2013 [15]
9 Achyranthes aspera Oleanolic acid, triterpene herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) Hemanta, et al. 2013; Kamel, et al. 2019 [15,16]
10 Aeluropus lagopoides Ursolic acid, Maslinic acid, Saponin DENV Al-Omar, et al. 2020 [17]
11 Aerva javanica Ursolic acid, quercetin PDEV Giday and Teklehaymanot, 2013 [18]
12 Aeschynomene aspera Dammarenolic acid (Triterpenoid) Retroviruses Sheela and Uthayakumari,2013; Prathibha and Rao, 2015 [19,20]
13 Aeschynomene indica Parthenolide, saponins, tannins HCV Sahu, et al. 2013 [21]
14 Aloe vera Emodin (anthraquinones) HSV-2 Sahu, et al. 2013 [21]
15 Alternanthera sessilis sennoside A (glycosides) herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) Shehzad, et al. 2018 [22]
16 Alysicarpus vaginalis Salicylic acid rhinoviruses Sridhar and Arun, 2008 [23]
17 Ammophila arenaria Curcumin encephalomyocarditis virus Lakshmi and Narasimharao, 2015 [24]
18 Anacardium occidentale Triterpene, Saponin HSV-1 Thirunavukkarasu, et al. 2010 [7]; Sheela and Uthayakumari, 2013 [19]
19 Apluda mutica Formalin Newcastle disease virus (NDV) Pradeep, et al.2010 [25]
20 Argemone mexicana Alkaloids and flavonoids Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture Thirunavukkarasu, et al. 2010 [7]
21 Asystasia gangetica Flavonoids NDV Usman, et al. 2016 [26]
22 Azadirachta indica 3-Deacetyl-3-cinnamoyl-azadirachtin Enterovirus B, poliovirus, HCV Gopalakrishnan, et al. 2010 [27]
23 Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. Quercetin, gossypetin HCV Thirunavukkarasu, et al. 2010 [7]; Sheela and Uthayakumari, 2013 [19]
24 Boerhavia diffusa Quinolone alkaloid tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Sheela and Uthayakumari, 2013 [19]
25 Borassus flabellifer Steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, and triterpene HSV, DENV Shubhransu, et al. 2019 [28]; Sheela and Uthayakumari, 2013 [13]
26 Bulbostylis barbara Luteolin and quercetin HIV Vimalanathan, et al. 2009 [29]
27 Caesalpinia bonduc Flavonoids, stilbenes Human Rhinoviruses (HRV), Coxsackie B virus (CVB), feline calicivirus Kiran, et al.2011 [30]
28 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Latisilinoid lupeol, lupeol acetate, myricetin, quercetin and rutin Echovirus 7 (EV7),
Adenoviruses, HSV, HIV, rotavirus 		Verma and Awasthi, 2012 [31]
29 Calophyllum inophyllum 1,5 dihydroxyxanthone, inophyllum, caloxanthones A, B, macluraxanthone HIV-1 Verma and Awasthi, 2012 [31]
30 Calotropis gigantea Quercetin
(Flavonoids) 		herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis (VSV) Masateru, et al. 2015) [32].
31 Calystegia soldanella Calysolins (Glycosides) HSV-1 Lee, et al. 2017, Vedavayas, et al. 2012 [33,34]
32 Canavalia cathartica Lectin (Con A), crude lipid HIV-1 Lakshmi and Narasimharao, 2015; Venkanna, 2012 [24,35]
33 Canavalia maritima Lectin
(Con A, Con M) 		HIV Lakshmi and Narasimharao, 2015; Venkanna, 2012 [24,35]
34 Canavalia rosea Lectin
(Con A, Con C) 		HIV Lakshmi and Narasimharao, 2015 [24]; Venkanna, 2012 [35]
35 Cassia occidentalis Anthraquinones HIV-1 Al-Snafi 2015 [36]
36 Cassia siamea Anthraquinones and triterpenoids HSV-1, poliovirus activity Balasubramanian, et al. 2010 [37]
37 Cassia tora Tyrosinase HIV-1 Al-Snafi , 2015 [36]
38 Cissus quadrangularis Quercetin, Luteolin HSV-1 and HSV-2 Chinelo and Sandra, 2015 [38]
39 Citrullus colocynthis Tannins and flavonoids HSV- 2 Sheela and Uthayakumari, 2013 [19]
40 Cleome viscosa Saponin HSV-1 Lima, et al. 2015 [39]
41 Clerodendrum inerme Adenosine glycosidase
CIP-29 and CIP-34, 		HSV-1, poliovirus I, mouse coronavirus (MCV) Sheela and Uthayakumari, 2013 [19]; Verma and Awasthi 2012 [31]
42 Clitoria ternatea Saponins, triterpenoids Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and mouse coronavirus (MCV) Verma and Awasthi 2012 [31]
43 Cocos nucifera Catechin, epicatechin, polymeric procyanidins (ethyl acetate) Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1-ACVr) Sheila, et al. 2008 [40]
44 Crotalaria goreensis Pyrrolidinone HIV-1 Wilian, et al. 2018 [41]
45 Crotalaria pallida Flavonoids (cropalliflavones A-C), Alkaloids (usaramine-N-oxide and cropallins A-B) PEDV Wilian, et al. 2018 [41]
46 Crotalaria retusa L. Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids, n-Hexane VSV Wilian, et al. 2018 [41]
47 Crotalaria striata Lectin (Con A) hPIV-2 (human parainfluenza virus type-2) Tasnova, 2016 [42]
48 Crotalaria verrucosa Quercetin (Flavonoids) parainfluenza virus type 3 (Pf‐3) Dingse, et al.2019 [43]
49 Croton bonplandianum Baill Terpinoids, phenolics, flavonoid yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) (plant virus) Krishnan, et al. 2015 [44]
50 Cuscuta reflexa Glycoproteinaceous, polysaccharides TMV, TRSV Krishnan, et al. 2015 [44]
51 Cynodon dactylon Luteolin and apigenin Chikungunya virus,
white spot syndrome
virus (WSSV) 		Maha and Adel, 2009 [45]
52 Cyperus rotundus Flavonoid, glycosides HSV Ali, 2019 [46]
53 Dactyloctenium aegyptium Quercetin, Luteolin HSV-2, HSV-1 and HAV-10 Lamai, et al.2015 [47]
54 Derris trifoliata Gallic acid human rhinovirus (HRV) Rasool, et al. 2019 [48]
55 Emilia sonchifolia Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, Isoetin 5′-methyl ether white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or yellow head virus (YHV) Lamai, et al.2015 [47]
56 Erythrina indica Erycristagallin and Osajin DENV Mohamed, et al. 2019 [16]
57 Erythrina variegata Lutein/zeaxanthin, apigenin HIV-1 Ghosh, et al. 2016 [49]
58 Euphorbia hirta Capsaicin, Polysaccharides carrageenan herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1), HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV Lamai, et al.2015 [47]
59 Ficus bengalensis Luteolin, 3-O-methylquercetin HSV-2 Marius and Chinsembu, 2012 [50]
60 Gisekia pharnaceoides 3-phosphoglyceric acid and sugar phosphates HIV/AIDS Ain, et al. 2010; Consolacion, et al. 2012 [51,52]
61 Glinus oppositifolius Spinasterol, Squalene, Lutein hepatitis B virus (HBV) Krishnan and Siril, 2016 [53]
62 Hedyotis herbacea Anthraquinones, iridoid glycosides poliovirus types 2 Li, et al. 2009 [54]
63 Hedyotis umbellata Anthraquinones poliovirus types 2 Li, et al. 2009 [54]
64 Hibiscus tiliaceus Anthraquinone chrysophanic acid poliovirus Sangeetha and Rajarajan, 2014 [55]
65 Hyptis suaveolens Apigenin, harrigtonine, narygenin chikungunya virus Danmalam, et al. 2009 [56]
66 Indigofera tinctoria Acyclovir MCV and HSV Frank and Ryan, 2010 [57]
67 Ipomoea aquatica L. Harrigtonine Chikungunya virus Meira, et al. 2012 [58]
68 Ipomoea imperati Glycol-alkaloids HSV-1 Meira, et al. 2012 [58]
69 Ipomoea pes-caprae Triterpenes DENV Ramesh, et al. 2019 [59]
70 Lantana camara Luteolin Chikungunya virus,
white spot syndrome
virus (WSSV) 		Md Mizanur, et al. 2016 [60]
71 Launaea sarmentosa Flavonoids, Terpenes HSV Tsai, et al. 2020 [61]
72 Leucas aspera saponins, triterpenoids MCV and HSV Tsai, et al. 2020 [61]
73 Lindernia crustacea Phytol, aloe-emodin, byzantionoside B HSV and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) Tsai, et al. 2020 [61]
74 Mucuna pruriens Phenol Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) Lucia, et al. 2012 [62]
75 Oldenlandia umbellata Anthraquinones vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 Siva, et al. 1998 [63]
76 Opuntia stricta Quercetin, Luteolin HSV Kunyanga, et al. 2014 [64]
77 Pandanus fascicularis Lignans and isoflavones, coumestrol, alkaloids smallpox virus Prafulla and Bhaskar 2014 [65]
78 Pedalium murex Solanocapsine, Spirostan-3-ol, N-methylsolasodine Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Zika virus (ZIKV) Ramachandran, et al. 2017 [66]
79 Pennisetum orientale Capsaicin HSV Abdelhakim, et al. 2017 [67]
80 Phoenix paludosa Isoquercitrin, β-sitosterol, lupeol AIDS Mohamed, et al. 2015 [68]
81 Phoenix sylvestris Lutein HIV Mohamed, et al. 2015 [68]
82 Phragmites karka Polyphenols Delphinidin and Epigallocatechin Zika virus (ZIKV) Zainul, et al. 2015 [69]
83 Prosopis juliflora 3-Methylquercetin VSV, Poliovirus (PV) de Brito, et al. 2018 [70]
84 Phyla nodiflora Acyclovir HSV-2 Sharma and Renu, 2013 [71]
85 Posidonia oceanica Quercetin, hydroxybenzoic acid, phydroxybenzoic acid HIV, H5N1 virus (influenza virus), Human papillomavirus (HPV) Farid, et al. 2018 [72]
86 Ricinus communis Quercetin
(Flavonoid) 		herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis (VSV) Marwat, et al. 2017 [73]
87 Salicornia brachiata Phenolic and flavonoid EMCV, SFV, HBV Patel, 2016 [74]
88 Salvadora persica Benzyl isothiocyanate HSV-1 Ahmad and Rajagopal, 2013 [75]
89 Sesbania bispinosa Quercetin, myricetin HSV Goswami, et al. 2016 [76]
90 Sesuvium portulacastrum Linolenic acid ester, Hexadecanoic acid HBV Manbir, 2015 [77]
91 Sida cordifolia Alkaloids and phytosterols HSV I & II, HSV TK, Adenovirus type VIII, Poliovirus type-I, Influenza virus type A (H1N1) Galal, et al. 2015 [78]
92 Spinifex littoreus Flavonoids and terpenoid, polyisoprenoids AIDS Thirunavukkarasu, et al. 2010 [7]
93 Suaeda maritima N-methyl-2,3,4-trimethoxy coricidin, flavonoid and terpenoid Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), HSV-1 Kokila and Anup, 2010 [79]
94 Tephrosia purpurea Quercetin
(Flavonoids) 		HSV-1 Kokila and Anup, 2010 [79]
95 Terminalia catappa Kaempferol, acyclovir HSV-2 Arunkumar and Rajarajan, 2015 [80]
96 Thespesia populnea Flavone vesicular stomatitis virus, coxsackie B4, respiratory syncytial viruses Saravanakumar, et al. 2011 [81]
97 Tinospora cordifolia Pepsin, resins, alkaloids and saponins HIV-AIDS Anuya and Abhay, 2014 [82]
98 Tridax procumbens Catechins, centaurien DENV Saranya, et al. 2020 [83]
99 Uniola paniculata Lectins HIV Lonard, et al. 2014 [84]
100 Vigna spp. Iridoids and secoiridoids HSV-1, RSV Lim 2015 [39]
101 Vitex negundo Luteolin-7-O-(6”-malonylglucoside), Agnuside, quercetin, myricetin SARS-CoV-2 Sangeetha and Rajarajan 2014 [55]
102 Ziziphus mauritiana Centaurien DENV-2 Akassh, et al. 2020 [85] Riffat, et al. 2018 [86]
103 Ziziphus jujuba Betulinic acid (triterpene) measles virus, Influenza virus Riffat, et al. 2018 [86]
104 Zoysia matrella Pinosylvin Influenza virus Rupa, et al. 2016 [87]

Challenges and future prospects: There is widespread agreement that plant metabolites have the potential to be novel antiviral agents against many viral diseases. These vegetation are abundant in coastal regions, have long been used in traditional medicine, and are thus prime candidates for the discovery of new bioactive metabolites. Several studies have been conducted to establish a link between the empirical uses of these plants to treat infections and photochemistry evidence of the compounds that underpin antiviral effects. However, efforts to investigate new pharmaceutical compounds and demonstrate their effect in vitro have not yet resulted in an antibiotic that is clinically beneficial and economically profitable. Concerns about drug-resistant microbes have heightened interest in plant-derived, effective antimicrobial compounds. Plants that have been used to treat infectious diseases for centuries now have a new lease on life. The detection and quantification of known, and even the discovery of new, small bioactive molecules produced by plants as secondary metabolites will open up new avenues of treatment for a wide range of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Extraction methods that are appropriate and optimised, susceptibility tests, and clinical trials are still required. The prospects for future research appear promising, with the potential discovery of new and effective treatments leading to significant advances [88,89]. Plant metabolomics based on mass spectrometry is an extremely powerful approach that is likely to provide comprehensive metabolite profiles of medicinal halophytes in the near future. In vitro tests are the first step in screening promising metabolites for antimicrobial effects, whether purified or in mixtures. Because of the complexity and diversity of chemical properties of plant metabolites, a combination of analytical platforms is required to increase the detection coverage of these compounds in biological samples. To detect volatile and nonvolatile metabolites, GC and HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry, as well as other techniques such as UPLC or NMR, are required to ensure that all or the majority of compounds are separated, detected, identified, quantified, and characterised. Each method should also cover a variety of extraction solvents in order to detect both polar and nonpolar compounds. The isolation and chemical characterization of each compound using NMR technologies, as well as testing them in bioassays, are critical steps toward determining each compound’s biological activity. Methodological approaches for in vitro tests, on the other hand, must be carefully tailored to the chemical nature of the metabolites or extracts. Protocols must be standardised and validated against representative biological models in order for product comparisons to be reliable and meaningful. Sand dune species serve as extremely important reservoirs. However, these resources have been put at greater risk as a result of forest clearing for industrialization, rapid urbanisation, over-exploitation and anthropogenic activities. So, with the help of local communities and an awareness, necessary steps should be taken to conserve floral diversity. To summarise, the vegetation of coastal sand dunes can be vitally used as therapeutic agents in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, and as such, they must be conserved and further cultivated for the community’s benefit.

Credit author statement

Yuvaraj: Conceptualization, Methodology, Vigneshwar and Kowsalya: Writing- Original draft preparation, Sarah and Praveen: Review and revisions. All the authors approved the manuscript.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

The authors thank the managements of Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, The Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus–Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Brandenburg, Germany, Anna University Tiruchirappalli, BIT CAMPUS, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India for support and facilities provided.

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